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Реферат: Pulizer Prize (Иностранные языки)
Министерство образования и науки Украины
Таврический национальный университет
Им. В.И. Вернадского
Факультет иностранной филологии
Кафедра английской филологии
Гура Егор Николаевич
Реферат на тему: «The Pulitzer Prize»
Дисциплина «Лингвострановедение»
Специальность 7.030502
«английский и немецкий языки и литература»
курс 4, группа 42
Симферополь 2001
Contents:
History of the prizes
2
Joseph Pulitzer
5
The Administration of the Pulitzer Prizes
7
Appendix
12
The list of used resources
14
HISTORY OF THE PRIZES
In the latter years of the 19th century, Joseph Pulitzer stood out as the
very embodiment of American journalism. Hungarian-born, an intense
indomitable figure, Pulitzer was the most skillful of newspaper publishers,
a passionate crusader against dishonest government, a fierce, hawk-like
competitor who did not shrink from sensationalism in circulation struggles,
and a visionary who richly endowed his profession. His innovative New York
World and St. Louis Post-Dispatch reshaped newspaper journalism. Pulitzer
was the first to call for the training of journalists at the university
level in a school of journalism. And certainly, the lasting influence of
the Pulitzer Prizes on journalism, literature, music, and drama is to be
attributed to his visionary acumen. In writing his 1904 will, which made
provision for the establishment of the Pulitzer Prizes as an incentive to
excellence, Pulitzer specified solely four awards in journalism, four in
letters and drama, one for education, and four traveling scholarships. In
letters, prizes were to go to an American novel, an original American play
performed in New York, a book on the history of the United States, an
American biography, and a history of public service by the press. But,
sensitive to the dynamic progression of his society Pulitzer made provision
for broad changes in the system of awards. He established an overseer
advisory board and willed it "power in its discretion to suspend or to
change any subject or subjects, substituting, however, others in their
places, if in the judgment of the board such suspension, changes, or
substitutions shall be conducive to the public good or rendered advisable
by public necessities, or by reason of change of time." He also empowered
the board to withhold any award where entries fell below its standards of
excellence. The assignment of power to the board was such that it could
also overrule the recommendations for awards made by the juries
subsequently set up in each of the categories. Since the inception of the
prizes in 1917, the board, later renamed the Pulitzer Prize Board, has
increased the number of awards to 21 and introduced poetry, music, and
photography as subjects, while adhering to the spirit of the founder's will
and its intent.
The board typically exercised its broad discretion in 1997, the 150th
anniversary of Pulitzer's birth, in two fundamental respects. It took a
significant step in recognition of the growing importance of work being
done by newspapers in online journalism. Beginning with the 1999
competition, the board sanctioned the submission by newspapers of online
presentations as supplements to print exhibits in the Public Service
category. The board left open the distinct possibility of further
inclusions in the Pulitzer process of online journalism as the electronic
medium developed. The other major change was in music, a category that was
added to the Plan of Award for prizes in 1943. The prize always had gone to
composers of classical music. The definition and entry requirements of the
music category beginning with the 1998 competition were broadened to
attract a wider range of American music. In an indication of the trend
toward bringing mainstream music into the Pulitzer process, the 1997 prize
went to Wynton Marsalis's "Blood on the Fields," which has strong jazz
elements, the first such award. In music, the board also took tacit note of
the criticism leveled at its predecessors for failure to cite two of the
country's foremost jazz composers. It bestowed a Special Award on George
Gershwin marking the 1998 centennial celebration of his birth and Duke
Ellington on his 1999 centennial year.
Over the years the Pulitzer board has at times been targeted by critics for
awards made or not made. Controversies also have arisen over decisions made
by the board counter to the advice of juries. Given the subjective nature
of the award process, this was inevitable. The board has not been captive
to popular inclinations. Many, if not most, of the honored books have not
been on bestseller lists, and many of the winning plays have been staged
off-Broadway or in regional theaters. In journalism the major newspapers,
such as The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington
Post, have harvested many of the awards, but the board also has often
reached out to work done by small, little-known papers. The Public Service
award in 1995 went to The Virgin Islands Daily News, St. Thomas, for its
disclosure of the links between the region's rampant crime rate and
corruption in the local criminal justice system. In letters, the board has
grown less conservative over the years in matters of taste. In 1963 the
drama jury nominated Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, but
the board found the script insufficiently "uplifting," a complaint that
related to arguments over sexual permissiveness and rough dialogue. In 1993
the prize went to Tony Kushner's "Angels in America: Millennium
Approaches," a play that dealt with problems of homosexuality and AIDS and
whose script was replete with obscenities. On the same debated issue of
taste, the board in 1941 denied the fiction prize to Ernest Hemingway's For
Whom the Bell Tolls, but gave him the award in 1953 for The Old Man and the
Sea, a lesser work. Notwithstanding these contretemps, from its earliest
days, the board has in general stood firmly by a policy of secrecy in its
deliberations and refusal to publicly debate or defend its decisions. The
challenges have not lessened the reputation of the Pulitzer Prizes as the
country's most prestigious awards and as the most sought-after accolades in
journalism, letters, and music. The Prizes are perceived as a major
incentive for high-quality journalism and have focused worldwide attention
on American achievements in letters and music.
The formal announcement of the prizes, made each April, states that the
awards are made by the president of Columbia University on the
recommendation of the Pulitzer Prize board. This formulation is derived
from the Pulitzer will, which established Columbia as the seat of the
administration of the prizes. Today, in fact, the independent board makes
all the decisions relative to the prizes. In his will Pulitzer bestowed an
endowment on Columbia of $2,000,000 for the establishment of a School of
Journalism, one-fourth of which was to be "applied to prizes or
scholarships for the encouragement of public, service, public morals,
American literature, and the advancement of education." In doing so, he
stated: "I am deeply interested in the progress and elevation of
journalism, having spent my life in that profession, regarding it as a
noble profession and one of unequaled importance for its influence upon the
minds and morals of the people. I desire to assist in attracting to this
profession young men of character and ability, also to help those already
engaged in the profession to acquire the highest moral and intellectual
training." In his ascent to the summit of American journalism, Pulitzer
himself received little or no assistance. He prided himself on being a self-
made man, but it may have been his struggles as a young journalist that
imbued him with the desire to foster professional training.
JOSEPH PULITZER (1847–1911)
Joseph Pulitzer was born in Mako, Hungary on April 10, 1847, the son of a
wealthy grain merchant of Magyar-Jewish origin and a German mother who was
a devout Roman Catholic. His younger brother, Albert, was trained for the
priesthood but never attained it. The elder Pulitzer retired in Budapest
and Joseph grew up and was educated there in private schools and by tutors.
Restive at the age of seventeen, the gangling 6'2" youth decided to become
a soldier and tried in turn to enlist in the Austrian Army, Napoleon's
Foreign Legion for duty in Mexico, and the British Army for service in
India. He was rebuffed because of weak eyesight and frail health, which
were to plague him for the rest of his life. However, in Hamburg, Germany,
he encountered a bounty recruiter for the U.S. Union Army and contracted to
enlist as a substitute for a draftee, a procedure permitted under the Civil
War draft system. At Boston he jumped ship and, as the legend goes, swam to
shore, determined to keep the enlistment bounty for himself rather than
leave it to the agent. Pulitzer collected the bounty by enlisting for a
year in the Lincoln Cavalry, which suited him since there were many
Germans in the unit. He was fluent in German and French but spoke very
little English. Later, he worked his way to St. Louis. While doing odd jobs
there, such as muleteer, baggage handler, and waiter, he immersed himself
in the city's Mercantile Library, studying English and the law. His great
career opportunity came in a unique manner in the library's chess room.
Observing the game of two habitues, he astutely critiqued a move and the
players, impressed, engaged Pulitzer in conversation. The players were
editors of the leading German language daily, Westliche Post, and a job
offer followed. Four years later, in 1872, the young Pulitzer, who had
built a reputation as a tireless enterprising journalist, was offered a
controlling interest in the paper by the nearly bankrupt owners. At age 25,
Pulitzer became a publisher and there followed a series of shrewd business
deals from which he emerged in 1878 as the owner of the St. Louis Post-
Dispatch, and a rising figure on the journalistic scene.
Earlier in the same year, he and Kate Davis, a socially prominent
Washingtonian woman, were married in the Protestant Episcopal Church. The
Hungarian immigrant youth - once a vagrant on the slum streets of St. Louis
and taunted as "Joey the Jew" - had been transformed. Now he was a American
citizen and as speaker, writer, and editor had mastered English
extraordinarily well. Elegantly dressed, wearing a handsome, reddish-brown
beard and pince-nez glasses, he mixed easily with the social elite of St.
Louis, enjoying dancing at fancy parties and horseback riding in the park.
This lifestyle was abandoned abruptly when he came into the ownership of
the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. James Wyman Barrett, the last city editor of
The New York World, records in his biography Joseph Pulitzer and His World
how Pulitzer, in taking hold of the Post-Dispatch, "worked at his desk from
early morning until midnight or later, interesting himself in every detail
of the paper." Appealing to the public to accept that his paper was their
champion, Pulitzer splashed investigative articles and editorials assailing
government corruption, wealthy tax-dodgers, and gamblers. This populist
appeal was effective, circulation mounted, and the paper prospered.
Pulitzer would have been pleased to know that in the conduct of the
Pulitzer Prize system which he later established, more awards in journalism
would go to exposure of corruption than to any other subject.
Pulitzer paid a price for his unsparingly rigorous work at his newspaper.
His health was undermined and, with his eyes failing, Pulitzer and his wife
set out in 1883 for New York to board a ship on a doctor-ordered European
vacation. Stubbornly, instead of boarding the steamer in New York, he met
with Jay Gould, the financier, and negotiated the purchase of The New York
World, which was in financial straits. Putting aside his serious health
concerns, Pulitzer immersed himself in its direction, bringing about what
Barrett describes as a "one-man revolution" in the editorial policy,
content, and format of The World. He employed some of the same techniques
that had built up the circulation of the Post-Dispatch. He crusaded against
public and private corruption, filled the news columns with a spate of
sensationalized features, made the first extensive use of illustrations,
and staged news stunts. In one of the most successful promotions, The World
raised public subscriptions for the building of a pedestal at the entrance
to the New York harbor so that the Statue of Liberty, which was stranded in
France awaiting shipment, could be emplaced.
The formula worked so well that in the next decade the circulation of The
World in all its editions climbed to more than 600,000, and it reigned as
the largest circulating newspaper in the country. But unexpectedly Pulitzer
himself became a victim of the battle for circulation when Charles Anderson
Dana, publisher of The Sun, frustrated by the success of The World launched
vicious personal attacks on him as "the Jew who had denied his race and
religion." The unrelenting campaign was designed to alienate New York's
Jewish community from The World. Pulitzer's health was fractured further
during this ordeal and in 1890, at the age of 43, he withdrew from the
editorship of The World and never returned to its newsroom. Virtually
blind, having in his severe depression succumbed also to an illness that
made him excruciatingly sensitive to noise, Pulitzer went abroad
frantically seeking cures. He failed to find them, and the next two decades
of his life he spent largely in soundproofed "vaults," as he referred to
them, aboard his yacht, Liberty, in the "Tower of Silence" at his vacation
retreat in Bar Harbor Maine, and at his New York mansion. During those
years, although he traveled very frequently, Pulitzer managed,
nevertheless, to maintain the closest editorial and business direction of
his newspapers. To ensure secrecy in his communications he relied on a code
that filled a book containing some 20,000 names and terms. During the years
1896 to 1898 Pulitzer was drawn into a bitter circulation battle with
William Randolph Hearst's Journal in which there were no apparent
restraints on sensationalism or fabrication of news. When the Cubans
rebelled against Spanish rule, Pulitzer and Hearst sought to outdo each
other in whipping up outrage against the Spanish. Both called for war
against Spain after the U.S. battleship Maine mysteriously blew up and sank
in Havana harbor on February 16, 1898. Congress reacted to the outcry with
a war resolution. After the four-month war, Pulitzer withdrew from what had
become known as "yellow journalism." The World became more restrained and
served as the influential editorial voice on many issues of the Democratic
Party. In the view of historians, Pulitzer's lapse into "yellow journalism"
was outweighed by his public service achievements. He waged courageous and
often successful crusades against corrupt practices in government and
business. He was responsible to a large extent for passage of antitrust
legislation and regulation of the insurance industry. In 1909, The World
exposed a fraudulent payment of $40 million by the United States to the
French Panama Canal Company. The federal government lashed back at The
World by indicting Pulitzer for criminally libeling President Theodore
Roosevelt and the banker J.P. Morgan, among others. Pulitzer refused to
retreat, and The World persisted in its investigation. When the courts
dismissed the indictments, Pulitzer was applauded for a crucial victory on
behalf of freedom of the press. In May 1904, writing in The North American
Review in support of his proposal for the founding of a school of
journalism, Pulitzer summarized his credo: "Our Republic and its press will
rise or fall together. An able, disinterested, public-spirited press, with
trained intelligence to know the right and courage to do it, can preserve
that public virtue without which popular government is a sham and a
mockery. A cynical, mercenary, demagogic press will produce in time a
people as base as itself. The power to mould the future of the Republic
will be in the hands of the journalists of future generations."
In 1912, one year after Pulitzer's death aboard his yacht, the Columbia
School of Journalism was founded, and the first Pulitzer Prizes were
awarded in 1917 under the supervision of the advisory board to which he had
entrusted his mandate. Pulitzer envisioned an advisory board composed
principally of newspaper publishers. Others would include the president of
Columbia University and scholars, and "persons of distinction who are not
journalists or editors." In 2000 the board was composed of two news
executives, eight editors, five academics including the president of
Columbia University and the dean of the Columbia Graduate School of
Journalism, one columnist, and the administrator of the prizes. The dean
and the administrator are nonvoting members. The chair rotates annually to
the most senior member. The board is self-perpetuating in the election of
members. Voting members may serve three terms of three years. In the
selection of the members of the board and of the juries, close attention is
given to professional excellence and affiliation, as well as diversity in
terms of gender, ethnic background, geographical distribution, and in the
choice of journalists and size of newspaper.
THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE PULITZER PRIZES
More than 2,000 entries are submitted each year in the Pulitzer Prize
competitions, and only 21 awards are normally made. The awards are the
culmination of a yearlong process that begins early in the year with the
appointment of 102 distinguished judges who serve on 20 separate juries and
are asked to make three nominations in each of the 21 categories. By
February 1, the Administrator's office in the Columbia School of Journalism
has received the journalism entries -in 2000, typically 1,516. Entries for
journalism awards may be submitted by any individual from material
appearing in a United States newspaper published daily, Sunday, or at least
once a week during the calendar year. In early March, 77 editors,
publishers, writers, and educators gather in the School of Journalism to
judge the entries in the 14 journalism categories. From 1964-1999 each
journalism jury consisted of five members. Due to the growing number of
entries in the public service, investigative reporting, beat reporting,
feature writing and commentary categories, these juries were enlarged to
seven members beginning in 1999. The jury members, working intensively for
three days, examine every entry before making their nominations. Exhibits
in the public service, cartoon, and photography categories are limited to
20 articles, cartoons, or pictures, and in the remaining categories, to 10
articles or editorials - except for feature writing, which has a maximum of
five articles. In photography, a single jury judges both the Breaking News
category and the Feature category. Since the inception of the prizes the
journalism categories have been expanded and repeatedly redefined by the
board to keep abreast of the evolution of American journalism. The cartoons
prize was created in 1922. The prize for photography was established in
1942, and in 1968 the category was divided into spot or breaking news and
feature. With the development of computer-altered photos, the board
stipulated in 1995 that "no entry whose content is manipulated or altered,
apart from standard newspaper cropping and editing, will be deemed
acceptable."
These are the Pulitzer Prize category definitions in the 2001 competition:
1. For a distinguished example of meritorious public service by a newspaper
through the use of its journalistic resources which may include editorials,
cartoons, and photographs, as well as reporting.
2. For a distinguished example of local reporting of breaking news.
3. For a distinguished example of investigative reporting by an individual
or team, presented as a single article or series.
4. For a distinguished example of explanatory reporting that illuminates a
significant and complex subject, demonstrating mastery of the subject,
lucid writing and clear presentation.
5. For a distinguished example of beat reporting characterized by sustained
and knowledgeable coverage of a particular subject or activity.
6. For a distinguished example of reporting on national affairs.
7. For a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs,
including United Nations correspondence.
8. For a distinguished example of feature writing giving prime
consideration to high literary quality and originality.
9. For distinguished commentary.
10. For distinguished criticism.
11. For distinguished editorial writing, the test of excellence being
clearness of style, moral purpose, sound reasoning, and power to influence
public opinion in what the writer conceives to be the right direction.
12. For a distinguished cartoon or portfolio of cartoons published during
the year, characterized by originality, editorial effectiveness, quality of
drawing, and pictorial effect.
13. For a distinguished example of breaking news photography in black and
white or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a
sequence or an album.
14. For a distinguished example of feature photography in black and white
or color, which may consist of a photograph or photographs, a sequence or
an album.
While the journalism process goes forward, shipments of books totaling some
800 titles are being sent to five letters juries for their judging in these
categories:
1. For distinguished fiction by an American author, preferably dealing
with American life.
2. For a distinguished book upon the history of the United States.
3. For a distinguished biography or autobiography by an American author.
4. For a distinguished volume of original verse by an American author.
5. For a distinguished book of non-fiction by an American author that is
not eligible for consideration in any other category.
The award in poetry was established in 1922 and that for non-fiction in
1962. Unlike the other awards which are made for works in the calendar
year, eligibility in drama and music extends from March 2 to March 1. The
drama jury of four critics and one academic attend plays both in New York
and the regional theaters. The award in drama goes to a playwright but
production of the play as well as script are taken into account.
The music jury, usually made up of four composers and one newspaper critic,
meet in New York to listen to recordings and study the scores of pieces,
which in 2000 numbered 100. The category definition states:
For distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an
American that has had its first performance in the United States during the
year.
The final act of the annual competition is enacted in early April when the
board assembles in the Pulitzer World Room of the Columbia School of
Journalism. In prior weeks, the board had read the texts of the journalism
entries and the 15 nominated books, listened to music cassettes, read the
scripts of the nominated plays, and attended the performances or seen
videos where possible. By custom, it is incumbent on board members not to
vote on any award under consideration in drama or letters if they have not
seen the play or read the book. There are subcommittees for letters and
music whose members usually give a lead to discussions. Beginning with
letters and music, the board, in turn, reviews the nominations of each jury
for two days. Each jury is required to offer three nominations but in no
order of preference, although the jury chair in a letter accompanying the
submission can broadly reflect the views of the members. Board discussions
are animated and often hotly debated. Work done by individuals tends to be
favored. In journalism, if more than three individuals are cited in an
entry, any prize goes to the newspaper. Awards are usually made by majority
vote, but the board is also empowered to vote 'no award,' or by three-
fourths vote to select an entry that has not been nominated or to switch
nominations among the categories. If the board is dissatisfied with the
nominations of any jury, it can ask the Administrator to consult with the
chair by telephone to ascertain if there are other worthy entries.
Meanwhile, the deliberations continue.
Both the jury nominations and the awards voted by the board are held in
strict confidence until the announcement of the prizes, which takes place
about a week after the meeting in the World Room. Towards three o'clock
p.m. (Eastern Time) of the day of the announcement, in hundreds of
newsrooms across the United States, journalists gather about news agency
tickers to wait for the bulletins that bring explosions of joy and
celebrations to some and disappointment to others. The announcement is made
precisely at three o'clock after a news conference held by the
administrator in the World Room. Apart from accounts carried prominently by
newspapers, television, and radio, the details appear on the Pulitzer Web
site. The announcement includes the name of the winner in each category as
well as the names of the other two finalists. The three finalists in each
category are the only entries in the competition that are recognized by the
Pulitzer office as nominees. The announcement also lists the board members
and the names of the jurors (which have previously been kept confidential
to avoid lobbying).
A gold medal is awarded to the winner in Public Service. Along with the
certificates in the other categories, there are cash awards of $7,500,
raised in 2001 from $5,000. Four Pulitzer fellowships of $5,000 each are
also awarded annually on the recommendation of the faculty of the School of
Journalism. They enable three of its outstanding graduates to travel,
report, and study abroad and one fellowship is awarded to a graduate who
wishes to specialize in drama, music, literary, film, or television
criticism. For most recipients of the Pulitzer prizes, the cash award is
only incidental to the prestige accruing to them and their works. There are
numerous competitions that bestow far larger cash awards, yet which do not
rank in public perception on a level with the Pulitzers. The Pulitzer
accolade on the cover of a book or on the marquee of a theater where a
prize-winning play is being staged usually does translate into commercial
gain.
The Pulitzer process initially was funded by investment income from the
original endowment. But by the 1970s the program was suffering a loss each
year. In 1978 the advisory board established a foundation for the creation
of a supplementary endowment, and fund raising on its behalf continued
through the 1980s. The program is now comfortably funded with investment
income from the two endowments and the $50 fee charged for each entry into
the competitions. The investment portfolios are administered by Columbia
University. Members of the Pulitzer Prize Board and journalism jurors
receive no compensation. The jurors in letters, music, and drama, in
appreciation of their year-long work, receive honoraria, raised to $2,000,
effective in 1999.
Unlike the elaborate ceremonies and royal banquets attendant upon the
presentation of the Nobel Prizes in Stockholm and Oslo, Pulitzer winners
receive their prizes from the president of Columbia University at a modest
luncheon in May in the rotunda of the Low Library in the presence of family
members, professional associates, board members, and the faculty of the
School of Journalism. The board has declined offers to transform the
occasion into a television extravaganza.
The Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners is more than simply a roster of
names and biographical data. It is a list of people in journalism, letters,
and music whose accomplishments enable researchers to trace the historical
evolution of their respective fields and the development of American
society. We are indebted to Joseph Pulitzer for this and an array of other
contributions to the quality of our lives.
Seymour Topping was appointed Administrator of The Pulitzer Prizes and
Professor of International Journalism at the Graduate School of Journalism
of Columbia University in 1993. After serving in World War II, Professor
Topping worked for 10 years for The Associated Press as a correspondent in
China, Indochina, London, and Berlin. He left The Associated Press in 1959
to join The New York Times, where he remained for 34 years, serving as a
foreign correspondent, foreign editor, managing editor, and editorial
director of the company's 32 regional newspapers. In 1992-1993 he served as
president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors. He is a graduate of
the School of Journalism at the University of Missouri.
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PUBLIC SERVICE Washington Post
Notably for the work of Katherine Boo that disclosed wretched neglect and
abuse in the city’s group homes for the mentally retarded, which forced
officials to acknowledge the
conditions and begin reforms.
BREAKING NEWS REPORTING Staff of Denver Post
For its clear and balanced coverage of the student massacre at Columbine
High School.
INVESTIGATIVE REPORTING
Sang-Hun Choe, Charles J. Hanley and Martha Mendoza of Associated Press
EXPLANATORY REPORTING
Eric Newhouse of Great Falls (Mont.) Tribune
For his vivid examination of alcohol abuse and the problems it creates in
the community.
BEAT REPORTING George Dohrman of St. Paul Pioneer Press
For his determined reporting, despite negative reader reaction, that
revealed academic fraud in the men’s basketball program at the University
of Minnesota.
NATIONAL REPORTING Staff of Wall Street Journal
For its revealing stories that question U.S. defense spending and military
deployment in the post-Cold War era and offer alternatives for the future.
INTERNATIONAL REPORTING Mark Schoofs of Village Voice
For his provocative and enlightening series on the AIDS crisis in Africa.
FEATURE WRITING J.R. Moehringer of Los Angeles Times
For his portrait of Gee’s Bend, an isolated river community in Alabama
where many descendants of slaves live, and how a proposed ferry to the
mainland might change it.
COMMENTARY Paul A. Gigot of Wall Street
Journal
For his informative and insightful columns on politics and government.
CRITICISM Henry Allen of Washington Post
For his fresh and authoritative writing on photography.
EDITORIAL WRITING John C. Bersia of Orlando Sentinel
For his passionate editorial campaign attacking predatory lending practices
in the state, which prompted changes in local lending regulations.
EDITORIAL CARTOONING
Joel Pett of Lexington (Ky.) Herald-Leader
BREAKING NEWS PHOTOGRAPHY
Photo Staff of Denver Rocky Mountain News
For its powerful collection of emotional images taken after the student
shootings at Columbine High School
.
FEATURE PHOTOGRAPHY
Carol Guzy, Michael Williamson and Lucian Perkins of Washington Post
For their intimate and poignant images depicting the plight of the Kosovo
refugees.
FICTION
Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin)
DRAMA
Dinner With Friends by Donald Margulies
HISTORY
Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929-1945 by
David M. Kennedy (Oxford University Press
BIOGRAPHY OR AUTOBIOGRAPHY
Vera (Mrs. Vladimir Nabokov) by Stacy Schiff (Random House)
POETRY
Repair by C.K. Williams (Farrar, Straus and Giroux)
GENERAL NON-FICTION
Embracing Defeat: Japan in the Wake of World War II by John W. Dower (W.W.
Norton & Company/The New Press)
MUSIC
Life is a Dream, Opera in Three Acts: Act II, Concert Version by Lewis
Spratlan
Premiered on January 28, 2000 by Dinosaur Annex in Amherst, Mass. Libretto
by James Maraniss.
The List of used resources :
1. Who's Who of Pulitzer Prize Winners by Elizabeth A. Brennan;
2. Joseph Pulitzer by Elizabeth C. Clarage; copyright 1999 by The Oryx
Press. Used with permission from The Oryx Press, 4041 N. Central Ave.,
Suite 700 Phoenix, AZ 85012, 800 279-6799.
3. www.oryxpress.com.
4. www.pulitzer.org/Archive/archive.html
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Реферат на тему: Punks and Punk Rock
The punk-rock was be created in 60th years can be named "garage rock". It
has appeared in the USA in 1964 where under impression Beatles and Rolling
Stones there was a huge quantity of local ensembles.
The first rock groups have appeared in our country right at the beginning
of the seventieth
The basic group which has generated outlook and style of music of ninety
percent domestic the punk - rokers, was the Civil defence.
Its founder Egor Letov was domestic studio G.O.-rekordz has written
down huge quantity both the albums, and albums of the friends.
Reorganization went at full speed and has already come to Omsk, therefore
Letov at the end of the eightieth strongly pressed KGB. The history is
known, when it has been declared in a criminal investigation department
and, to avoid prison, has gone to an annual autostop on the country
together.
Earlier in the Russian - punk rock, it was not accepted to develop
somehow to read newspapers, to watch TV. The slogan of punks was: I always
shall be against!
But the punk culture is constantly improved: even for example if to
take group popular now «King and Fool» , in this group all singers with
higher education, it speaks about much .
The punk - rock is the initially nonconformist movement directed
against establishment, against System. Therefore the punk - rokers from the
origin of movement opposed racism, nationalism, fascism.
There are many errors concerning who such punk, what purposes at him in
a life as it concerns to associates. Attention!!! To sit in disposal dump,
to spit on everything, years do not be washed and do not erase the clothes
is NOT the punk! It is ordinary teenage maximalism, or simply illness.
Punk is not a junk!
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