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Реферат: Топики по Английскому (Иностранные языки)
Moscow
The history of Moscow began in 1147, and since then Moscow has always had a
leading position in the life of the whole country. It is the political,
cultural, scientific centre of Russia.
Coming to Moscow for the first time, many tourists start sightseeing with
Red Square. In Red Square they visit St.Basil's (() Cathedral, a
masterpiece of (() ancient Russian (() architecture. It was built in memory
of the victory over Kazan in 1552 The monument standing in front of
St.Basil's Cathedral tells us of the people's victory over Polish invaders
in 1612. On the monument you can read the following words: "To citizen
Minin and Prince Pozharsky from grateful Russia".
On the territory of the Kremlin we can see the Bell Tower of Ivan the Great
built in the 15th century. At its foot there is another ancient monument -
the Tsar Bell weighing 200 tons.
Opposite the Cathedral is the Museum of History.
If you are interested in arts you'd better visit the Tretyakov Art Gallery
which contains fantastic Russian icons, monumental paintings and historical
themes performed by Peredvizhniki, Repin, Surikov, Levitan and other great
artists. If you visit the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts you'll (() admire the
(()magnificent display of West-European paintings of the 13th-20th
centuries.
Moscow has over 60 historical, art, natural science and literary museums,
memorial houses and flats, exhibition halls.
Moscow is a city of world-famous theatres. The Bolshoi Theatre was opened
in 1825. Its (() repertoire includes more then 50 operas and ballets. The
Maly Drama theatre, the Moscow Art Theatre, the Obraztsov Central Puppet
Theatre enjoy great (() popularity.
Moscow has excellent sports (() facilities. The Lenin stadium and the
Moscow Sports Complex "Olympijski" are the largest sports complexes in my
country. Moscow is a city of science. It has hundreds of scientific
institutions and higher education establishments, among which is Moscow
Power Engineering Institute.
Unknown words
admire - любоваться
Moscow power engineering institute (technical university)
- in brief - mpei
Moscow Power Engineering Institute is state higher education institute
and has the status of technical university.
MPEI is well-known as one of the largest Technical Universities of
Russia in the fields of power engineering, electrical engineering,
electronics, informatics, computer science. It has modern educational and
scientific laboratories, large experimental facilities, educational-
scientific heat station, educational-scientific TV centre. It has the
Special Design Bureau which deals with deep space communication systems,
several centres of deep space communication in different regions of Russia.
More than 1500 computers (large, medium and personal) and modern
technological equipment are distributed through the MPEI Departments. MPEI
is training the specialist for the foreign countries during 50 years and
now the students of 68 countries are trained in MPEI. For large successes
in training of high-qualified engineers and scientific researchers MPEI was
(() officially awarded by two Russian orders and six orders of different
foreign countries.
Many famous foreign persons have got the education in MPEI:
. Ion Iliesku, the President of Romania,
. Li Peng, the Prime-Minister of the State Council of China,
. Vladimir Dvorjecek, the Director of TESLA (Czekia).
Moscow Power Engineering Institute was founded at 1930 on the base of
(()Faculty of Electrical Engineering of Moscow Technical University named
after Bauman and of Faculty of Electrical Industrial Engineering of the
Institute of National Economy named after Plekhanov.
Now MPEI has the main residence in Moscow and three branches: in Kazan, in
Smolensk, in Volzgskij. Total quantity of students in Moscow is about
20’000
The educational and research activity of MPEI is directed to training
the Bachelors of Science, Engineers and Masters of Science in the very
wide fields of modern Power Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
Electronics and Computer Science;
There are several faculties:
. Power Engineering Industry Faculty
. Thermal Power Engineering Faculty
. Industrial Heat Engineering Faculty
. Electromechanical Faculty
. Faculty of Electrical Equipment and Automatization of industry and
transport
. Electrical Power Engineering Faculty (???)
. Faculty of Automatics and Computers faculty of Electronics
technologies
. Radio Engineering Faculty
. Power Physics Faculty
.
In accordance with MPEI`s Charter MPEI has the right to award to its`
graduates the following academic degrees:
. (() Bachelor of Science in Engineering (Bch. Sc.);
. Diplomized Engineer (Dipl. Eng.);
. Master of Science in Engineering (Ms. Sc.);
. Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in
Mathematics and Physics (Ph.D.);
Duration of studding in MPEI is from 4 years (for Bachelors) to 9
years (for Doctors)
Great Britain
1. General
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the
British (() Isles. It consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and
Northern Ireland. England, Wales and Scotland (() occupy the territory of
Great Britain. Northern Ireland is situated in the northern part of
Ireland. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244 square
kilometres. His the 75th place among other countries in the world. The
population is over 55 million. About 80% of the population is (() urban.
The capital of the country is London.
2. Geographical position and physical features:
The surface of Great Britain (()varies (()greatly. The northern and western
part of the country is mountains and is called the Highlands. All the rest
(south, east and centre) is a (() vast plain which is called the Lowlands.
The mountains are not very high. The rivers are not long. The most
important of them are the Severn and the Thames. There are many beautiful
lakes in the (()mountainous parts of the country.
3. Climate
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream
influence the climate of Great Britain.
The weather in GB is very changeable. A fine morning can change into a wet
afternoon and evening and the wrong side out. The English people say:
"Other countries have a climate; in England we have weather." The English
also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the
morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long.
The best time of the year in GB is spring(of course, it rains in spring
too). The two worst months in Britain are January and February. They are
cold, (()damp and unpleasant. Summer months are rather cold and there can
be a lot of rainy days. So most people who look forward to summer holidays,
plan to go (()abroad for the summer.
4. National economy
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one
of the world's largest producers and exporters of iron and steel products,
machinery and electronics, chemicals and textile, aircraft and navigation
equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding.
Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The
most famous educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. They
are considered to be the intellectual centres of Europe. The education is
not free, it is very expensive.
5. Politic system
The United Kingdom is a (() monarchy and the Queen is the head of state.
But in practice it is ruled by the elected government with a Prime Minister
at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of
Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in
Great Britain: the London, the (()Conservative and the Liberal parties, The
Conservative party is the ruling party nowadays.
Unknown words
vary - меняться
vast - громадный, обширный
damp - сырость
abroad - за границей
USA
1. General
The United States of America was formed by emigrants in 1382. The USA makes
up of 62 states. Washington, the capital of the United States is situated
on the Rotomac River in the District of Columbia. The district is a piece
of land which doesn't belong to any state but to all the states. All these
states are (()sovereignty.
2. Geographical position and physical features:
The USA occupy a large territory and are situated in the central and
southern part of North America. The USA is washed by the Atlantic ocean in
the east and by the Pacific ocean in the west. In the north, the USA has
borders on Canada and in the south on Mexico. The USA is divided into three
areas: Eastern area is a highland, central area is a plain and Western area
is mountains including the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. There are
five great lakes in the northern part of the USA. There are: Huron,
Michigan, Supireo, Ontario and Erie. They are connected by fast rivers.
There is the most famous to the whole world fall called Niagara Fall.
Mississippi together with its (()tributary Missouri is the longest river in
the world.
3. Climate:
Mountain ranges cross the country from north to south and don't protect
it against cold air from the north and warm one from the south. The USA has
a continental climate.
4. National Economy.
The USA is a highly developed industrial country. Large reserves of oil,
(()coal, iron and other minerals are solid base of development of Americans
industry. Heavy industry (() prevails in USA, including such branches as
the mining, metallurgical, engineering, chemical and high-tech industries.
USA has also well-developed light industry which includes textile,
(()tanning and (()footwear industries. The food industry is well developed
too. Both animal (()husbandry and farming takes big place in the economy of
the USA.
5. Political system
Under the Constitution, the federal government is divided into three
branches. The Congress is (() vested with the (()legislative power and made
up of two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. There are
435 members in the House of Representatives and 100 senators. Each state
elects two members of the Senate.
The executive branch is headed by the President, who (() proposes
bills to Congress, serves as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. The
President is chosen in nation-wide elections every 4 years. The second
person in executive branch is vice President. The vice President, elected
from the same political party as the President
The (() judicial branch consists of Federal District Courts, 11
Federal Courts and the Supreme Court. Federal judges are appointed by the
President. Federal courts decide cases involving federal law, conflicts
between citizens of different states.
Constitution is the most important document in the USA. Constitution
has been amended 26 times. The Bill of Rights guarantees individual
liberties: freedom of speech, religion and so on.
Unknown words
tributary - приток
prevail - торжествовать
tanning - кожевенный
footwear - обувной
animal husbandry - животноводство
vest - облекать (властью)
legislative - законодательной
propose - предлагать
amend - улучшать, исправлять
Реферат на тему: Топики по Английскому языку
Economy in Rassian
The Russian is reach in natural resources in the past few years the Russia
try to remove from a centrally controlled economy to a market economy. In
spite of decline Russia has various branches of industry, such as
metallurgical, automobile and chemical industry. Russia is divided on 11
economic regions such as: North, North west, central, volga, ural.. And
Asia :West Siberia, East Siberia, and the Far East. Russian s machine
building industry provides most of the Federations requirement for steam
boilers and turbines ,electric generators, grain combines, automobiles and
electric locomotives and machine tools, instruments and automation
components. Important automobile factories are located in Moscow,
Н.Новгород, Ярославль Ижевск.Rus. textile industries are heavily
concentrated in the European sector especially in the central region.
Russian agriculture is not so developed. But some of the main crops grown
on the South are wheat, fruits, on the North are wheat, barley, oats,
vegetables. Cattle breeding and pig raising make up an important branch of
R. agricultural. Forests is a very important branch for Russian. But in
Rus. can not use the resources more effectively. In Rus. the resources is
sold as the raw materials. It is necessary to employ of manufacturing. And
then we will live better.
The Russian Art.
The most important form of early Russian art was the icons. The word icon
means image in Greek. Icon is the religious pictures of Christ and Saints
on wooden panel. They decorated churches, mostly placed on the iconostasis.
In Russia the finest icons were produced from the midforteenth century. In
that time a specific national style icon painting was formed. Russian icon
painting reached the highest point of its achievement in the works of
Theothan Greek, Andrey Rublev and Dionissy in the mid-15 century. Andrey
Rublev is a Russian greatest iconpainter. In 1408 he was engaged on the
murals in the Cathedral of the Assumption at Vladimir when he also produced
his version of the icon of Vladimirs Virgin. And well known cuch icons as
Спас and Троица which was found in Vladimir. A.R.s icons is expressed a
distinct filling of harmony, deep spirituality, grace and the beauty of the
colors. Rs works is one of the greatest creations of medieval Russian
painting. Intimate [intimeit] намекать, Severe[sivie] строгий, Distinct
[distinkt] отличный, тчетливый. Creations [krieishn] создание, творение.
In the2th half of 19th century artists of the Wanderers group started
painting scenes of contemporary life. Vasiliy Perov, Ivan Kramskoy, Aleksey
Savrasov,Ivan Shishkin, Valentin Serov and Vasiliy Surikov were wanderers.
The works of Wonderes are displayed in the famous picture galleries: the
Tretiakov Gallery in Moscow,the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg. They
called themselves the Wanderers, because they wanted to realize their
ideals by taking wondering exibitions tthroughout the country. The most
clear represenative of Wonderers in my opinion was Vasiliy Surikov.[1848-
1916]. He was the first of the W. Hewas born in Krasnojarsk in Siberia.His
masterpiece was the Боярыня Морозова. [1887] Its an enormous painting-both
in size and scale. A decorative surface rhythm and strong horizontals are
other eharacteirctics common to Russian art, both ancient and modern, and
like wise first recovered in the work of Surikov.
The English Art.
The 18th century , the Golden Age of British Art. The 18th century , the
great age of British painting. It was in this period that British art
attained a distinct national character. Hogarth was followed by a row of
illustrious painters: Thomas Gainsborough, with his lyrical landscapes,
funcy pictures and portraits, Reynolds, who painted charming society
portraits and became the first president of the Royal Academy.
William Hogarth was unquestionably one of the greatest of English artists
and a man of remarkably individual character and thought . It was his
achievement to give a comprehensive view of social life within the
framework of moralistic and framatic narrative.
His masterpiece of the famous series was Marriage a la Mode . This set of
pictures describes a marriage between the daughter of a rich man and a
young lord, the son of an old earl. The Girls father has brought a bag full
of money with him. Their children are together but apart: the young man is
watching himself in the glass; the girl is listening to a young Counsellor.
The pictures round the room help understund the situation. In one of the
pictures Madam sits listening to the young Consellor, whose portrait hangs
in her room. Other pictures in the series show My Lord who amuses himself
with a bad company. He returns home tipsy. Madam wastes her money at
auctions. The end is known. My Lord attacks the Counsellor, who kills him
and is executed. Moral: do not listen to counsellors; dont marry a man for
his rank, or a woman for her money; dont visit auctions unknown to your
husband; dont have bad friends. Otherwise you will be ruined.
From the 18 century portrait painting,eit
Mass media
The most popular sources of entertainment and information are the press,
radio, tv, and movies. The press plays an important part in the life of
society. Millions of Americans in their free time read newspapers. The
English word ‘newspaper’ does not really. Describe everything that you can
read in this kind of publication. Newspapers include not only stories about
recent events (news), but opinions, advertising, and other non-news items.
The first American newspaper was called Public Occurrences Both Foreign and
Domestic. This paper was first published in Boston in 1690. Now there are
about 2,600 newspapers published in the USA. The New York Times, the
Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times are three of the most important
daily papers that describe foreign and domestic news. The radio does not
interfere with your activities. You can listen to the radio while doing
some work about the house, reading a book or driving a car. On the radio
one can hear music, plays, news, and different commentary and discussions
called ‘forums’. At a forum several authorities exchange views on social,
economic and political problems. A peculiar feature of the American radio
is soap opera. It is a sentimental serial drama that describes domestic
problems and which is for housewives. Soap opera is usually broadcast every
day. Most people find soap opera boring. There ate a lot of games on the
radio. They are called ‘panel games’. Radio brings also cultural and
educational programs. Many programs are made up of classical music.
Television is a ‘chewing gum for ears and eyes’. There are many serials on
TV in the USA. They appeared in the 1950s. TV games- attract a large
audience, too. During TV quiz programs TV viewers answer different
questions. There is a lot of education on television. For example, you can
take a TV course in history, political economy, management, banking and in
many other subjects, or learn a foreign language by TV. Educational TV
films and programs are shown in schools and colleges as a part of the
curriculum.
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