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Реферат: Темы по английскому для сдачи экзамена (Иностранные языки)
|My Family |` |Моя семья |
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|Family is the most precious thing for me, because | |Семья - это самая ценная вещь для меня потому, что |
|this is where I find love & understanding, & | |там я нахожу любовь, понимание и поддержку. |
|support. | |Наша семья вполне большая по нынешним стандартам. |
|Our family is quite large by modern | |Она состоит из четырёх человек - моих родителей, |
|standards. | |моей младшей сестры и меня. |
|It consists of four people - my parents, my | |Мои родители вполне молоды: около 35, и моя сестра |
|younger sister & me. | |на четыре года младше, чем я. |
|My parents are quite young, about 35, & my sister | |Мой папа штурман. |
|is four years younger then me. | |Он тратит много своего времени на работе, поэтому |
|My father is a civil navigator. | |время, когда он дома вечером, особое, для моей |
|He spends most of his time at work, so the time | |сестры и меня. |
|when he is home in the evening is something special| |Моя мама учитель, поэтому у неё есть больше |
|for my sister & me. | |свободного времени, чем у папы. |
|My mother is a teacher, & she has more time to | |Мы делимся нашими проблемами и секретами с ними и |
|spare than my father. | |они часто дают нам хороший совет. |
|We share our problems & secrets with them, & they | |По дому часто есть много работы, но мы хотим |
|often give very good advice. | |помогать с домашними делами, и всё делается быстро и|
|There’ s often a lot to do about the house, but we | |эффективно. |
|are always willing to help with the chores, & | |Больше всего я люблю поздний обед или ранний ужин, |
|everything is done quickly & efficiently. | |когда все мы собираемся вокруг стола и свет кухонной|
|Most of all I like our late dinners or early | |лампы создаёт атмосферу отдыха и тепла. |
|suppers, when we all gather round the table, & the | |Мы разговариваем и шутим, и забавляемся, потому что |
|light of the kitchen lamp creates a relaxed & cosy | |все мы друзья. |
|atmosphere. | |Воскресенья тоже очень хороши. |
|We talk, & joke, & have fun, because we are | |Если погода ясная, то мы идём кататься на лыжах в |
|all friends. | |лесу - зимой или на нашу дачу - летом. |
|Sundays are also very nice. | |Фактически это маленький домик на маленьком участке |
|If the weather is fine, we go skiing in the forest| |земли, но мы очень любим его & любим работать в |
|in winter, or to our ‘dacha’ in summer. | |саду, сажая, капая, собирая землянику и помидоры. |
|In fact, it’s just a small cottage on a small plot | |Но, если бы вы спросили меня о нашем семейном хобби,|
|of land, but we like it a lot, & like to work in | |то я бы назвала - чтение. |
|the garden, planting, digging, gathering | |Чтение - это великолепная комбинация дела и |
|strawberries & tomatoes. | |удовольствия, интеллектуальной работы и развлечения.|
|But, if I were asked about our family hobby, I | | |
|would name reading. | |Это всё. Я счастлива иметь такую любящую и |
|Reading is a perfect combination of business & | |дружелюбную семью и, когда у меня будет своя |
|pleasure, of intellectual work & entertainment. | |собственная семья, я постараюсь создать её на тех же|
|That’s about all. I’m lucky to have such a loving &| |основах. |
|friendly family, & when I have a family of my own, | | |
|I will try to make it work on the same lines. | | |
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|Me & My plans for the future. | | |
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|Finishing school is the beginning of the | | |
|independent life for millions of schools leavers. | | |
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|Many roads are opened before us: vocational & | | |
|technical school, institutes & universities. | | |
|But, it’s not an easy thing to choose a profession | | |
|out of more than 2,000 existing in the world. | | |
|Some pupils follow the advice of their parents or | | |
|friends, others can’t decide even after leaving the| | |
|school. | | |
|As for me I made my choice long ago. | | |
|I specialize in the humanities. | | |
|Social Sciences & English have always been my | | |
|favorites, but my chief interest is law. | | |
|My dream has always been to become a lawyer. | | |
|My choice of this occupation didn’t come as a | | |
|sudden flash. | | |
|As a child, I listened to my aunt & uncle | | |
|discussing professional matters. | | |
|Little by little, I got interested in the subject &| | |
|began thinking of law as my prospective occupation.| | |
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|For me, choosing a career is not only a matter of | | |
|future prestige & wealth. | | |
|In my opinion, a job should be interesting & | | |
|socially important. | | |
|That is the reason why I have chosen the profession| | |
|of a lawyer, which gives plenty of opportunities to| | |
|help people in trouble. | | |
|In addition I should say, whatever profession I | | |
|choose to follow, the greatest pleasure will surely| | |
|come from feeling that I am useful to my country. | | |
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|Country that I want to visit. | | |
|I haven’t been to Great Britain yet, & I’d like to | | |
|visit this country very much, because I like the | | |
|English language, & I’ m curious to learn about | | |
|everyday life of the people who speak this | | |
|beautiful language, & just see the sights. | | |
|Here’s what I know about this country so far. | | |
|The full official name of the country is the United| | |
|Kingdom of Great Britain & Northern Ireland. | | |
|It is a constitutional monarchy - the nominal head | | |
|of state is Queen Elizabeth the Second, but the | | |
|real law-making body is the Parliament, consisting | | |
|of two Chambers, the House of Commons & the House | | |
|of Lords. | | |
|The royal family is preserved as a kind of a | | |
|tourist attraction. | | |
|The country is situated on the British Isles, which| | |
|lie off the north-west of Europe. | | |
|They are separated from the continent by the | | |
|English Channel, better known by its French name - | | |
|La Manche. | | |
|Now, there is a tunnel under the Channel, | | |
|efficiently binding Great Britain & the continent. | | |
|The climate is rather mild, influenced by the Gulf | | |
|Stream, & famous English lawns & gardens are of | | |
|some special shade of green. | | |
|The UK is a very highly developed industrial | | |
|country, with such branches of industry as | | |
|ship-building, manufacturing of textiles, | | |
|machinery, electrical & electronic equipment, & | | |
|many others. | | |
|The population of the UK is about 55 million | | |
|people . | | |
|There are two major political parties in the UK, | | |
|Labour & Conservative. | | |
|The Conservative are in office now. | | |
|I know a lot more about the UK, but this | | |
|information has been taken from books & mass media.| | |
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|I’d like to visit the country & see everything for | | |
|myself. | | |
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|My hobby | | |
|People get a kick out of doing most extraordinary | | |
|things. | | |
|The most widespread hobby is collecting. | | |
|I can’t say that I’m really mad about this or that | | |
|kind of leisure activity. | | |
|I tried collecting stamps, they are so nice & | | |
|informative. | | |
|But gradually my interest just faded away, & I gave| | |
|my collection to my friend for his birthday. | | |
|Then I moved on to collecting recordings of the pop| | |
|groups I liked, but after a while it seemed | | |
|pointless because music radio stations play old & | | |
|new hits all the time. | | |
|I go on doing it, but I wouldn’t call it a hobby. | | |
|I like dancing at some club or disco, but it’s just| | |
|a way of spending time, not a hobby really. | | |
|Best of all I like reading. | | |
|It’s a very quiet occupation, & it does not require| | |
|any particular skill or ability. | | |
|But that’s what gives me the greatest pleasure. | | |
|I enjoy reading all kinds of books - historical | | |
|novels, travelogues, biographies, novels, science | | |
|fiction, detective stories, poetry, etc. | | |
|Someone said that reading to the mind is what | | |
|exercise is to the body. | | |
|Books can’t be replaced by all the mass media in | | |
|the world. | | |
|Reading is a perfect combination of business & | | |
|pleasure, of intellectual work & entertainment. | | |
|So, frankly speaking reading is my hobby. | | |
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|Ekaterinburg | | |
|E is one of most wonderful & interesting cities in | | |
|Russia. | | |
|It’s the capital of Urals, & it is dear to the | | |
|hearts of our citizens. | | |
|It had a rich history, & when you walk along the | | |
|quiet streets of old E | | |
|You can feel the past everywhere. | | |
|The sights of E are countless, so I will mention | | |
|only my favourites ones. | | |
|I like to walk window-shopping down Main Avenue, | | |
|glittering & full of hurrying passers-by. | | |
|I like to sit on a bench near the monument to Popov| | |
|- I like the monument itself, but even more I like | | |
|to watch the people passing by, & people that are | | |
|waiting for their dates. | | |
|E is a cultural centre. | | |
|There are many theatres, picture galleries, film & | | |
|sound recording studios. | | |
|Most interesting cultural events, shows, | | |
|exhibitions take place in E. | | |
|E, of course, is an educational, scientific & | | |
|industrial centre. | | |
|There are a lot of enterprises producing a wide | | |
|range of goods, such as machines mechanizms & so | | |
|on. | | |
|What I like most about E is the pulse of life, of | | |
|change, of movement. | | |
|E is the place where things are happening in all | | |
|spheres of human activity - it’s the heart of | | |
|Urals, full of energy. | | |
|I just love this city. | | |
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|My school. | | |
|There are many different types of school in our | | |
|country now- specialised school, gumnasiums, | | |
|lucees, colleges, private school. | | |
|They offer different curricula, & you can choose | | |
|the subjects you need. | | |
|Our school is secondary school, & it is quite good.| | |
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|All in all, it is quite comfortable for studying. | | |
|The classrooms are well-equipped, there are | | |
|chemistry & physics labs, a language lab with tape | | |
|recorders, headphones & mikes. | | |
|The teachers are very knowledgeable, & the lessons | | |
|were always interesting. | | |
|So we have everything at our disposal, we only have| | |
|to study. | | |
|And we study hard, especially in the senior forms. | | |
|I’m interesting both in natural sciences & the | | |
|humanities, as I believe a person should have a | | |
|broad general education. | | |
|Beside the school building there is a stadium. | | |
|We have football matches & all kinds of | | |
|competitions there. | | |
|Naturally, it isn’t just all work & no fun. | | |
|We have a rock band, & often organise dancing | | |
|parties with flashing lights & everything. | | |
|We have different contests, including the one | | |
|between teams of witty persons. | | |
|Some of the jokes are quite funny. | | |
|There is an amateur drama company, & they often | | |
|stage short sketches by humorist writers. | | |
|So, our school life is rather eventful & active, | | |
|leaving no time for bedroom. | | |
|I like my school & I ‘m going to miss my | | |
|classmates, the easygoing atmosphere, & all the fun| | |
|we have. | | |
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|My Working Day. | | |
|A person’s schedule depends on his or her type of | | |
|activity, & is organised accordingly. | | |
|It is rather flexible, & can be change any time, if| | |
|necessary. | | |
|I will try to give you a snapshot of a typical day | | |
|in my life as a school student. | | |
|The shrill ringing of an alarm-clock wakes me up at| | |
|half past six. | | |
|I do not jump out of bed, but daydream for about 5 | | |
|minutes more. | | |
|Then I do jump out, & keep jumping, pushing up, | | |
|sitting up, & generally warming up for about 20 | | |
|minutes. | | |
|Then a quick shower, & a very light breakfast - I | | |
|just can’t make myself eat much in the morning. | | |
|So, it’s a soft-boiled egg, a toast, & a cup of tea| | |
|or coffee. | | |
|Then off to school. | | |
|It’s the usual routine of classes & breaks, a | | |
|longer break at 11 a. m. for lunch, & school is | | |
|over at 1 or 2 p. m., depending on the number of | | |
|classes. | | |
|Sometimes I stay at school till 3 p. m. for some | | |
|optional class or something extra-curriculum. | | |
|Then I’m home, & it’s dinner, if I may call it so. | | |
|My folks are both at work, so left to my own | | |
|devices I have what I manage to find in the fridge.| | |
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|Then I fool around for an hour or so browsing in | | |
|some magazine or a book, or listening to some quiet| | |
|music. | | |
|After that I’m ready for the most important part of| | |
|my day, my work actually. | | |
|I study, I dig up information, I solve tasks, find | | |
|answers to question - do my homework. | | |
|By 8 p. m. I feel tired. | | |
|Fortunately, by that time folks have arrived, & we | | |
|eat. | | |
|That is the only proper meal of the day for me, & | | |
|the only time to talk with my parents. | | |
|Then an hour or more of study, some TV, & by 12 p. | | |
|m. I’m in bed. | | |
|Sometimes I have to stay up late, if I have some | | |
|difficult task to solve. | | |
|So this is it, in a nutshell. | | |
|Not very eventful, but it’s a working day, isn’t | | |
|it? | | |
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|Russia. | | |
|We are living in a rapidly changing, multinational | | |
|& multicultural world. | | |
|Barriers keep falling, people & cultures mix, but | | |
|one thing remains basic & dear to my heart - my | | |
|homeland, Russia. | | |
|No one can deny that it is a great country in all | | |
|senses of the world, with its area of 17,1 million | | |
|square kilometres, & the population of 150 million | | |
|people. | | |
|It spans two parts of the world, Europe & Asia, | | |
|serving as a bridge between them. | | |
|It is washed by the seas of the Arctic & Pacific | | |
|Oceans. | | |
|The variety of climatic zones it the north down to | | |
|the subtropics in the south. | | |
|It has immense natural resources, such as coal, oil| | |
|& gas, all kinds of mineral deposits, great forests| | |
|& rivers, it has everything. | | |
|There are many branches of industry in Russia - | | |
|machine-building, steel production, chemical & | | |
|electronic industries, & numerous others. | | |
|Unfortunately, agriculture is in a rather poor | | |
|state, & we have to import foodstuffs, & even | | |
|wheat. | | |
|The potential of Russia & its people is great, & | | |
|with reasonable economic mechanisms & laws the | | |
|country will overcome the present difficulties, & | | |
|will occupy the place it deserves in the world | | |
|community. | | |
|The cultural heritage of Russia is rich & varied/ | | |
|The names of Tolstoy, Dostoyevsky, Tchaikovsky are | | |
|known all over the world/ | | |
|Russia’s history, like that of any other great | | |
|country, is full of glory & blood. | | |
|Russia twice saved Europe from the Dark Age - | | |
|stopping the Tartars, & crushing the German | | |
|fascists. | | |
|I’m proud of my country, I love Russia, my | | |
|motherland, & will do the best I can to improve its| | |
|economic & political situation. | | |
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|An Outstanding Person of Russia. | | |
|Russia gave birth to many wonderful people, who | | |
|made great contributions to all fields of human | | |
|activity, such as science, art, various | | |
|discoveries, & so on. | | |
|The world knows our composers, ballet dancers, | | |
|writers. | | |
|As for me, I think one of the greatest men, who | | |
|influenced Russian & world culture, was Alexander | | |
|Pushkin. | | |
|I believe that in his prose & poetry he actually | | |
|created the modern Russian language, the language | | |
|we use today. | | |
|He was born a nobelman & lived a life of a | | |
|nobelman. | | |
|He studied at an exclusive school, lycee. | | |
|He visited all those balls, & parties, & receptions| | |
|at court. | | |
|But he managed to feel & know the souls of ordinary| | |
|Russian people of all walks of life. | | |
|His power of observation was so great, that in his | | |
|works he drew a comprehensive picture of life in | | |
|Russia at that time. | | |
|It’s a strange phenomenon that poets do not live | | |
|long. | | |
|I think that is because the candle burns so | | |
|brightly & so fast. | | |
|Pushkin was killed at the age of 37 at a duel that | | |
|was a result of intrigue & scandal connected with | | |
|the name of his wife. | | |
|But poets do not die. | | |
|If you asked Russian people who their favourite | | |
|poets is, most would answer «Pushkin». | | |
|Small kids learn to read using his fairy tales, & | | |
|this admiration of his poetry just stays on. | | |
|His works are read & enjoyed by all those who love | | |
|the Russian language & Russia. | | |
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|Sport. | | |
|Sport is, or rather should be, an important part of| | |
|everyone’s life. | | |
|Here we should distinguish between big-time sport &| | |
|just keeping fit. | | |
|We can’t all be professional athletes, but we | | |
|should pay attention to out bodies. | | |
|Our body needs exercise just as it needs food. | | |
|Everyone chooses physical according to one’s | | |
|tastes. | | |
|Some people just jog. | | |
|Others prefer more active kind of exercise, such as| | |
|football, basketball, volleyball, martial arts. | | |
|Tennis has become very popular, & it really is a | | |
|good workout for all groups of muscles. | | |
|Fitness centres, body building & shaping gyms are | | |
|full of pumping iron. | | |
|There are some specific British & American sports | | |
|that are rather interesting - golf, cricket, | | |
|baseball, American football. | | |
|Tastes differ, but one thing is for sure - if you | | |
|want to be healthy & fit, you can’t do without | | |
|sport. | | |
|I start every day with a half hour of exercise - | | |
|push ups, sit ups, chin ups, warming up all my | | |
|muscles. | | |
|Then a quick shower, & I feel as fit as a fiddle. | | |
|Twice a week I have a two-hour workout in a gum on | | |
|various training devices & just lifting weights. | | |
|Once a week I visit a swimming pool . | | |
|It’s enough for me to feel fit. | | |
|Of course I would like to take up Alpine skiing or | | |
|para-gliding, but I have neither time nor equipment| | |
|for that. | | |
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|Holidays. | | |
|Every family has its own holidays, connected with | | |
|some great events in its history. | | |
|For ordinary people holidays are mostly the chance | | |
|to relax & have a good time. | | |
|There are some almost universal holidays, such as | | |
|Christmas & New Year. | | |
|We’ve got 2 favourite holidays New Year & Easter. | | |
|The New Year is noisy & festive. | | |
|Christmas trees are decorated with tinsel, toys, & | | |
|strings of colored light bulbs. | | |
|Children put stockings under the trees for Santa | | |
|Claus to fill them up with gifts. | | |
|It’s a family occasion - the whole family usually | | |
|gathers, gifts are exchanged. | | |
|There are parties, dancing, champagne drinking, | | |
|fireworks & firecrackers. | | |
|At midnight everyone at a party stops whatever they| | |
|are doing to greet the New Year. | | |
|It’s the most colorful & merry of all holidays. | | |
|I can’t help mentioning Easter, which is connected | | |
|with the idea of spring & revival of nature. | | |
|We exchange painted eggs, special cakes, & | | |
|generally make merry. | | |
|There are also our birthdays parties- we celebrate | | |
|him or her with birthday, singing Happy birthday to| | |
|you, present our gifts & have our family dinner. | | |
|All holidays are nice, because people forget their | | |
|worries for a while, & enjoy themselves. | | |
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|London. | | |
|I haven’t been to London yet, & I’d like to visit | | |
|this city very much, because I like the English | | |
|language, & I’m curious to learn about everyday | | |
|life of the people who speak this beautiful | | |
|language, & just see sights. | | |
|Here’s what I know about this city so far. | | |
|L is one of the greatest, most colourful & | | |
|interesting cities of the world, & it tops the list| | |
|of the cities I’d like to visit. | |
