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Реферат: GREAT BRITAIN, Science (Иностранные языки)
GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Nothern Ireland occupies
territory of the British Isles which are situated to the north-west of
Europe. They consist of two main islands: Great Britain and Ireland.
England is in the south of the island of Great Britain, Scotland is in the
north and Wales is in the west. Northen Ireland is situated in the noth-
eastern part of Ireland. It’s western coast is washed by the Atlantic
ocean. In the east the island of Great Britain is washed by the North Sea.
The Irish Sea, the North Channel and the St. George’s Channel separate
Ireland from Great Britain. Great Britain is separated from France by the
English Channel, which is 32 km wide in it’s narrowest part. In everyday
speech “Great Britain” is used to mean the UK.
The climat of Britain is usually described as cool, temperate and
humid. As the weather changes with a wind, and Britain is visited by winds
from different parts of the world, the most characteristic feature of
Britain’s weather is it’s variability. Summers are not hot and winters are
not cold in Britain. The snow never lies for long on the ground. As a rule
there is no ice on the waters of rivers and lakes. So we may say that the
British climat has 3 main features: it is mild, humid and changeble. That
means that it’s never too hot or too warm.
English is the official, but not the only language used in the
country.
Britain has been many centuries in the making. The Romans conqered
most part of Britain, but were unable to subdue the fiercely independent
tribes in the West and in the North. Further waves of invaders followed:
Angels, Saxons, Jutes, Vikings and Normans. All these contributed to the
mixture we call English. For many centuries this country was known simply
as England. It had a strong army and navy. It waged numerous colonial wars.
England, once the “work shop of the world”, was the first to become a
highly industrial country.
There are no big rivers in Great Britain. The biggest are Severn and
Thames. There are a lot of mountain in Great Britain, but they are nit
high. The highest mountain - Ben Nevis - is in Scotland. The flora of the
British Isles is much varied and the fauna is similar to that of the north-
west of Europe. The country is not very rich in natural resourses but there
were suffice for the Industrial Revolution to start.
London is the capital of the UK. It was founded by the Romans. The
population of London is over 8 million people.
The largest cities of Great Britain besides London are: Birmingham,
Glasgo, Liverpool, Manchester, Sheffield, Bristol, Leeds, Edinburgh. The
most important seaports are: London, Liverpool, Belfast, Glasgow and
Cardiff.
Science
The word “science” comes from the latin word “scientia”, which means
“knowledge”. Scientists make observations and collect facts in field they
work in. Then they arrange facts ordelly and try to express the connaction
between the facts and try to work out theories. Then they have to prove the
facts or theory correct and make sufficient and sound evidence. So
sientific knowledge is always growing and improving.
Science has great influence on our life. It provides with base of
modern technology, materials, sources of power and so on. Modern science
and technology have changed our life in many different ways. During the
present century our life changed greatly. Thanks to radio and television we
can do a great number of jobs; it was radio and TV that made it possible to
photograph the dark side of the moon and to talk with the first cosmonaut
while he was orbiting the Earth. On of the wonders og our age is the
“electronic brain”, or giant calculating mashine, which can to some extent
duplicste human sences. The desk computer is expected to function as your
personal librarian, to carry out simple optimization computations, to
control your budget or diet, play several hundred games, etc. further
development of the computer is bellieved to lead to a situation in which
most of the knowledge accepted by mankind will be stored in the computers
and made accessible to anyone with the home computers. It is natural that
the advent of minicomputers with extensive memories and possibilities will
lead to a new higher level in information culture. Among other things, we
shall be able to organise educational process in the country’s colleges and
universities and also in the system of school education on a new basic.
Knowledge is the most valuable wealth, and minicomputers will help us to
make it accessible for everyone. Agrycultiral sientists develop better
varietives of plants. The development of antibiotics and other drugs has
helped to control many diseases. Studies in anatomy and physiology have let
to amazing surgical operations and the inventions of lifesaving mashines,
that can do the work of such organs as heart, lungs and so on. Nuclear
fission when a tremendous amount if energy is setting free is very
important discovery.
Science improved the living standarts, communications, promoted
contact between people and government, knowledge and culture, made it
possible to discover and develop new sources of energy, made it possible to
prolong man’s life.
But science also has some disadvantages. It produces mass culture:
painting, music, literature. Some scientific inventions increase the
ecological problems, provide with new diseases like AIDS, increased the
danger of violent death.
The greatest scientists were very persistent and were sure in their
success. Even without any serious education they made great inventions.
Even during times of disappointing experiments and unacknowledgement by
other scientists, they didn’t give up and went on working out theories.
Also they were always ready to begin everything from the very beginning.
They worked a lot, and this work wasn’t for money.
The aim, the main object of the greatest scientists of all times was
always to find out the trith and no personal prejudices can be allowed. So
the science grows and prospers and is the engine of progress.
The problem of learning languages very important today. Foreign
languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the
progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and
has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of
mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed
as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the
people of our planet.
Today English is the language of the world. Over 300 million people
speak it as mother tongue. The native speakers of English live in Great
Britain, the United States of America, Australia and New Zealand. English
is one of the official languages in the Irish Republic, Canada, the South
African Republic. As the second language it is used in the former British
and US colonies.
It is not only the national or the official language of some thirty
states which represents different cultures, but it is also the major
international language for communication in such areas as science,
technology, business and mass entertainment. English is one of the official
languages of the United Nations Organisation and other political
organisations. It is the language of literature, education, modern music,
international tourism.
Russia is integrating into the world community and the problem of
learning English for the purpose of communication is especially urgent
today.
So far there is no universal or ideal method of learning languages.
Everybody has his own way. Sometimes it is boring to study grammar or to
learn new words. But it is well known that reading books in the original,
listening to BBC news and English speaking singers, visiting an English
speaking country, communicating with the English speaking people will help
a lot.
When learning a foreign language you learn the culture and history
of the native speakers.
Реферат на тему: Genetic Manipulation
Human Genetic Manipulation
By Svetlana Levanova, 512 AE
Genes are working portions of DNA and the biological units of
heredity. Specific genes code for specific traits that are found in a given
organism. For example, one gene may code for eye color while another one
may code for shoe size. DNA is an extremely complicated biological system.
Many, if not most diseases stem from a defect in one's genetic code. There
are two ways for one to get a genetic defect or mutation. A mutation can be
inherited from one or both parents, or a genetic mutation can be acquired.
Gene therapy is the process by which cells are supplied with healthy
copies of missing, flawed, or desirable genes. Gene therapy can possibly be
a cure for the genetic mutations that are constantly occurring in nature.
There is a heated discussion in the society about both genetically modified
food and human gene engineering and the possible repercussion from them,
which we may be able to get only in a certain period of time.
Still this burning issue has arguments both in favor of and against
gene technology. The success of genetic manipulation will result in a
better quality of life for people. Nearly all diseases can potentially be
cured. Cancer will be wiped out, as cancer causing genetic defects will no
longer be a problem. As a result of genetic testing, risk prevention is
also a benefit. If I find that I am genetically inclined to have a heart
attack, I can reshape my habits around my genetic dispositions. Or, if I
know that I have a recessive gene for a disease, I will know not to have a
child by another person with that gene. Also we get more than just medical
benefits. If it is found out that genes are responsible for the work of the
mind, than who is to say that someday people won't be able to endow their
children with certain qualities. Many see this as an advantage. Before my
child is even conceived, I can give him brown hair, green eyes, 6 feet in
height and an intellect to match! In a nutshell, the benefits are long
lives, less disease and tailored children.
As for the arguments against gene technology, there are many ethical
and religious reasons against gene manipulation. Many say that it will be
an invasion of one's genetic privacy. Once the technology becomes
widespread, genetic testing will be mandated, and genetic information will
have to be disclosed. Many people don't want to know about their own
genetic destiny, let alone allow others to know. The fact that genetic
information may one day become easily accessible leads to the possibility
of genetic discrimination and violation of genetic privacy. People can most
certainly be judged and oppressed on the basis of genetic information as
well as skin color. Why should I hire a man who has a genetic risk of
developing heart disease? Why should I offer him insurance?
Many people feel that genetic technology will have organizational
problems. For example, that the practice will be poorly regulated and that
people can do as they please with developing genetic engineering. Also, it
is feared that this new technology will be available only to the wealthy,
for their own benefit and exploitation. People fear also the fact that
genetically modified humans will decrease the diversity of the human
species, which will make the human population susceptible to diseases. This
is a far-fetched notion, but the possibility exists. Finally, it is feared
that creating new types of people is undermining God's natural order. Just
as above it was stated as a benefit, many also view having the power to
"select" your child as a problem. They feel the humans should not have the
power to create a child like it is some sort of machinery. Life should be
held in higher regard than that.
Human curiosity and innovation will always manage to conjure up some
sort of scientific breakthrough. Genetic manipulation is no exception. Like
all new technologies, it has its pros and cons that must be weighed. The
potential for reward and for disaster are both great in this issue. With
sufficient regulation and responsibility, the benefits of genetic
manipulation can far outweigh the drawbacks. It is a situation that must be
handled delicately.
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