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Реферат: Hollidays (Иностранные языки)
Which is the best way to spend your summer holidays?
Well, I guess there exists a great number of different ways of spending
summer holidays... But each person has his own preferences, so everyone
likes the only way.
I think that there are two ways of spending your holidays - active and
passive. The passive way means staying in the sun, for example, and
enjoying doing nothing (, and the active - quite opposite: going boating or
hiking, trying yourself in different kinds of water sports...
I think I can describe myself as a home-sitting person - I’d usually
prefer staying at home near the TV set in an armchair than going on a
cruise, or hiking, or whatever. But, after I tried jet-ski and windsurfing
this summer I have changed my point of view at the holidays. To enjoy the
speed of jetski is much more exciting rather than to take a sunbath!
Well, maybe the conclusion would be is that since time passes a person
may be bored of each time the same type of holidays, as it happend to me
this summer. But holidays are great in all their metamorphoses!! (
Zamkov Kostya, 10 ‘A’
Реферат на тему: How telecommunication change the defenition of work Telework
Tomorrow
how modern telecommunication change the definition of work
In 1876 Alexander G. Bell created the thing that changed our world.
Changed again…
And it wasn't the last change in the modern history. Later in the XX
century the modulator-demodulator also known as modem was created and
really started the Telecommunications Age. First computers were connected
together and the Net started growing.
In the last 20 years the lifestyle changed very much. Cellular phones and
electronic mail changed the way we communicate, satellite TV and WWW
sites changed the way we get the news and on-line shops and junk e-mail
changed the way we buy products and do our business. Work, social life,
politics – the telecomms are coming everywhere, bringing freedom,
equality and productivity. Now I will try to go deeper into these
spheres.
Since the end of XIX century, when Marx wrote his famous book, "Capital",
the economic meaning of work has changed dramatically. For Marx labour
was nothing more but another resource like capital or land.
In XX century manager shows a bit more respect to employees. They are now
individuals, who need to develop themselves and should be treated and
motivated in right way.
XX century brought us a new idea: workers are paid for their time. Later,
in mid-sixties, it was thought that companies pay their employees for
their skills and personal qualities. Among those qualities were
creativity, company loyalty. For those companies that eventually switched
to new system, it became very difficult to properly measure worker's
contribution to company's results. These companies try to increase
workers morale, motivate them, because it is evident: if workers don't
want to work, they won't work. Or at least, the results will be extremely
poor. That's why in addition to motivation by money, managers try to
create a feeling of mutual trust, belonging to company and common
interests.
What new brings telework to this field? First it is ease of control and
measurement. Results in electronic form can be easily archived, analysed
by computers, forwarded for checking and copied. Next, all information
about time and efforts spent is available. Another thing is that fixed
time-based salaries are gone. The company will no longer care so about
who and how much spent on a task. This will become a question of personal
choice. Now everyone will be given a freedom to decide whether to work or
to have a rest. This can differentiate workaholics from ordinary lazy
people. Right now there are same rules for everybody. Rarely a company
wants to have a lot of part-time workers. We cannot imagine a worker
coming to factory when he is in the right mood. But with distant jobs you
can have workers switching every now and then. We can even dream about
perfect labour marketplace with contracts signed electronically for
several hours. The psychological problems of switching jobs will be
minimised. The retirement will no longer mean break of social relations,
because they aren't based on physical presence in the company HQ or at
the factory.
This system of personal freedom have the potential to eradicate
unemployment by allowing real-time communications and negotiation between
employers and employees, leading to equilibrium labor price.
If you can measure the result of an office work, you can evaluate if it
worth paying the money for result you get. Or the jobs are completely
useless and ineffective. This can lead to boost in productivity. In
telework usually people are paid for results, not for time. This
motivates them to get better results, thus increasing productivity again!
On the other hand, regardless of employee's results, the company always
gets what if pays for! Combined efforts of ten people can cost the same
for the company if they have the same effect. And now together with
perfect labour market we come to what Marx was talking about – labour is
just the same as machines or land. The motivation is the problem of the
person himself! And with a freedom of work choice motivation is not the
problem. With telework one can easily apply for the job he likes and the
company can review all candidates just comparing the results of their
work.
Thanks to the efforts of many people all over the world the Net commerce
and work is still not limited as their off-line counterparts. Zero taxes
attract more and more of the trade turnover. The Stock Exchange and
Currency Exchange systems already inculcated in the telecommunication
world. With decreased transaction costs, development of
telecommunications and computers the efficiency of these financial
spheres is quickly increasing.
Electronic auctions have already came to reality. On AOLtm auctions there
are 600 000 bids in different categories now. Surplus directtm and tens
other electronic auctions are now in the Internet. This is a dream of
classic economists – perfect market with all relevant information freely
available. With continuous decrease in transportation costs this can make
every market global and make competition perfect, stopping the
monopolies. One example is Microsofttm. Can we imagine that it will not
succeed in stopping alternative OSes and browsers several years ago,
without Internet? Free communications greatly increase the
competitiveness of any product. Most on-line shops can offer lower prices
for all products than their off-line colleagues can.
Distant work makes sexual and race discrimination very difficult and
almost impossible. How can you behave badly toward your colleague if you
only read his e-mails? How the program written by Chinese is worse than
the one written by French? And all harassment will be logged, documented
and backed up on a tape drive to be used in the Court.
Also it will provide new unique opportunities for unable people. Nobody
will knew about his inabilities and nobody will keep him away from the
job.
But the problem with results measuring still remains. How can we train
managers and change their minds in order to deal with telework? What I
think is that all internal relations need to be built on a completely new
basis. The basis of mutual respect and trust. How can "white collars"
remain superior over a worker if they are communicating over the computer
network? How superiority can survive in the environment where both worker
and manager have the same access to information? I am sure this is
impossible without personal pressure of managers. So, this will surely
lead to a democratisation in the work.
Next problem is that telework isn't as universal as we want. It isn't
possible for any job: for example, you won't agree with a distant driving
of your taxi in rush hour. The control is necessary when human lives
depends on the worker. And until we are not sure that communications will
be 100% error free, we cannot avoid physical presence of worker. An
example is distant control of an aircraft. Modern aircrafts can take off
and land without anybody on board, but human pilots should be available
for emergency case. Several pilots in the airport could work for tens of
aircrafts, helping them to take off and land safely, then giving several
hours of direct flight to a machine. But the storm can terminate the
communications and lead to human deaths in non-controllable plane. This
shows us how careful we need to be with a new power that computers and
communications give us.
In some areas we can't cope without live human being, but… The situation
changes. Right now the technologies are available that can change the
whole global economy. I mean telesales. This includes all TV
presentations, on-line stores, direct mailing. There was a bad idea of
paying too much attention to a customer. In the shop there is always a
sales manager, available for questions, but most time doing nothing. And
he cannot new everything about all the products he is supposed to sale.
The situation is different in a modern on-line store. All the information
about the product is available in clear form. This can be a multimedia
presentation, a chart, table or just a plain text. If additional
information is necessary, then the customer can initiate chat session
with a competent person, or ask for an e-mail response. Minimised costs.
Maximised convenience.
Other spheres of physical presence are special services, including police
and ambulance, rescuers and fire-fighters. All these jobs require a
trained strong and hardy person, physically presenting on the place.
Next problem is socialising. As we know, work is one of the most
important places together with family and school, where socialising goes.
In some countries this is the main place of social interaction and the
result work itself plays only secondary role. The contact is much more
important. In countries with strong traditions of corporativism this is
especially important. The person will be not able to identify himself
with appropriate social group.
Another problem is quite specific, but isn't less serious. Some American
physicians believe that obesity is a kind of epidemic in the US! Imagine
what can happen with Americans if telecommunication will replace
conventional lifestyle.
Telecommunications will make high-quality education accessible for
everybody. The costs for giving a virtual lecture to one student and one
thousand of students are equal. This unimaginable scale economy (and as a
result – marginal costs of zero) will greatly increase educational level.
The standards will be almost the same in all countries thus making the
workers worldwide more interchangeable. This will back up the
globalisation tendency. And strong arising competition from newly
educated people of third world will increase the desire to study among
American and European students.
To sum it up, I believe that next millennium will bring us to new
horizons of social, political and economical interaction in the virtual
world of modern telecommunicating. This tool offers us not only hope for
economic prosperity but also a possibility to participate more in the
community activities and decision-making in the political system. This
even makes possible the direct democracy, which was left in the times of
ancient Athens. Created by the scientists – the most intelligent and
advanced part of our society, Internet offers equality, freedom of speech
and unique possibilities for self-realisation.
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Tomorrow
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Tomorrow
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Tomorrow
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Tomorrow
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Introduction
The concept of work
The drawbacks
Telework –
a new hope
Education
Conclusion
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