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Реферат: The Proverbs Are Children Of Experience (Пословицы - Дети Опыта) (Иностранные языки)
Tatiana Yevich
English 101
Research Paper
4.17.01
Rick Pederson
The Proverbs Are Children Of
Experience.
It would appear that nothing could be easier than writing down the
definition of a proverb. Where did a proverb come from? Where can it be
used? Proverbs are widely used in the society on the regular basis. Some
scholars and popular writers have claimed repeatedly that proverbial
language has passed from usage; however it remains an easily proven fact
that proverbs are not “passeґ” and definitely not dead. This form of
language helps to express our thoughts more exactly and vividly. Proverbs
contain wisdom, humor, and usually fit many purports.
The Oxford Dictionary of English Proverbs defines a proverb as a
sentence that has been developed orally and is still used by the people of
a region. It has usually come about from experience, and it is a statement
that teaches learning within an experience. The World Book Encyclopedia
gives a different explanation of the word: Proverb is a brief saying that
presents a truth of some bit of useful wisdom. It is usually based on
common sense or practical experience. The effect of a proverb is to make
the wisdom it tells seem to be self-evident. The same proverb often occurs
among several different peoples, True proverbs are sayings that have been
passed from generation to generation, primarily by word of mouth. They may
also have been put into written form. The Book of Proverbs In the Hebrew
Bible, or Old Testament, is the most notable collection of such sayings.
They include:
. Hope deferred makes the heart sick.
. A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches.
. A soft answer turneth away wrath.
. Pride goeth before destriction, and a haughty spirit before a fall.
In ancient Israel, children were educated primarily at home,
and proverbs were used to teach them to become successful and responsible
adults. Proverbs have not lost their well-established popularity, and they
continue to be ever present, even in a modern technological society like
that of the United States of America. This has recently been made
abundantly clear by the thousands of proverbs registered in A Dictionary of
American Proverbs ( New York: Oxford University Press, 1992) edited by S.A.
Kingsbury, K.B. Harder.
. Early to bed, and early to rise, make a man healthy, wealthy and
wise.
This is an old proverb well known in many countries that has not passed
from its usage. Proverbs both old and new, continue to serve us well as
concise statements of apparent truths. In everyday life proverbs name
social situations, that is, they are used to communicate our general human
concerns in traditional language. By employing proverbs in our speech we
wish to strengthen argument, express certain generalizations, influence or
manipulate other people, rationalize our own shortcomings, question certain
behavior patterns, satirize social ills, and poke fun at ridiculous
situations.
. Saying without thinking is shooting without aiming.
There are no limits to the use of proverbs, and each individual
proverb may be used in many ways depending on its context. There are
hundreds of proverbs dealing with the body, work, love, friendship, death,
weather and more. For example:
. Kiss and be friends.
. Two heads are better than one.
. Love is blind.
. One hand washes other.
. A good beginning makes a good ending.
. It is better to do well then to say well.
These are the examples of proverbs that are based on friendship and love.
Some folklorists are now arguing that most weather proverbs are not
proverbs at all but rather superstitions couched in proverbial language
(Mieder, Wolfgagng 12). Nevertheless, we would still argue that such texts
as:
. Lightning never strikes twice in the same place.
. Make hay while the sun shines.
These are proverbs, especially since they are usually used in a figurative
and not in a literal sense. Medical proverbs are also widely used by people
all over the world. Here are some proverbs that are very popular:
. An apple a day keeps a doctor away.
. A disease known is half cured.
. The doctor is often more to be feared than the disease.
. Health is not valued till sickness comes.
. Bitter pills may have blessed effects.
Proverbs provide humor in a sarcastic way. Depending on the
specific proverb a person can identify an action and its consequence. For
example:
. Do not do all you can; spend not all you have; believe not all you
hear; tell not all you know.
This proverb explains that one should use common sense as well as sensor
ones speech in relationship to other people. Another example of sarcastic
proverbs can be proverb:
. A man can work from sun to sun, but a woman’s work is never done.
Proverbs and their value systems give us some basic structure, and if their
worldview does not fit a particular situation, they can be quickly changed
into revealing and liberating anti-proverbs. Proverbs are also used as
idioms; every language has its own. An idiom usually consists of a group of
words, which is either meaningless or absurd if the words are understood to
mean what they usually do.
Mostly short proverbs can be used as idioms. For example:
. Die with one’s boots on.
This proverb (idiom) means expire while working, keep working to the end. I
some languages proverbs may occur as clichйs or old proverbs. Clichйs are
trite, worn out expressions. While they are acceptable in conversation,
they should be avoided in writing. Here are some examples of such event:
. Off the wall. Means to be not well reasoned.
. Sound as a dollar. Means sensible.
A small sentence as proverb also contains grammar rules and tones of
vocabulary that is why I would claim that proverbs could help a great deal
to learn a foreign language like English and make the process of learning
more interesting. Proverbs contain such grammar rules as: degrees of
comparison of adjectives, gerund construction, construction “there is”,
“there are”, formation of noun plurals, formation of present, past and
future tenses, antonyms and synonyms, and most of irregular verbs.
Proverbs help to remember gerund construction, which does not occur in any
other language but English.
. Saying without thinking is shooting without aiming.
. Seeing is believing.
Constructions “there is”, “there are” are also do not exist in most of
the languages they are not very hard to remember but it is more interesting
to learn it with the help of the proverbs. For example:
. There is no place like home.
. There are more ways to the woods then one.
. There is no rose without a thorn.
. There is no fool like an old fool.
Although many proverbs have been forgotten there still some that
will forever be used. With a new generation, new technology and new lingo
there will be more proverbs to come and more to be forgotten. People will
continue to use old and new proverbs, therefore they will never die. They
are an important part of learning and life in general.
Реферат на тему: The Queen of the UK
The Queen was born in London on 21 April 1926, the first child of The Duke
and Duchess of York, subsequently King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Five
weeks later she was christened Elizabeth Alexandra Mary in the chapel at
Buckingham Palace.
The Princess's early years were spent at 145 Piccadilly, the London house
taken by her parents shortly after her birth; at White Lodge in Richmond
Park; and at the country homes of her grandparents, King George V and Queen
Mary, and the Earl and Countess of Strathmore. When she was six years old,
her parents took over Royal Lodge in Windsor Great Park as their own
country home.
EDUCATION
Princess Elizabeth was educated at home with Princess Margaret, her younger
sister. After her father succeeded to the throne in 1936 and she became
heir presumptive, she started to study constitutional history and law. She
also studied art and music; learned to ride (she has been a keen horsewoman
since early childhood); and enjoyed amateur theatricals and swimming - she
won the Children's Challenge Shield at London's Bath Club when she was
thirteen. She enrolled as a Girl Guide when she was eleven, and later
became a Sea Ranger.
EARLY PUBLIC LIFE
As the Princess grew older she began to take part in public life. She
broadcast for the first time in October 1940, when she was 14; she sent a
message during the BBC's children's programme to all the children of
Britain and the Commonwealth, particularly to those children who were being
evacuated for safety reasons. In early1942 she was appointed Colonel-in-
Chief of the Grenadier Guards, and on her sixteenth birthday she carried
out her first public engagement, when she inspected the regiment. In April
1943, Princess Elizabeth carried out her first solo public engagement, when
she spent a day with a Grenadier Guards tank battalion in Southern Command.
Thereafter her official duties increased, particularly in connection with
young people: she was President of the Queen Elizabeth Hospital for
Children in Hackney and the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty
to Children. From March 1944 onwards, she also began to accompany the King
and Queen on many of their tours within Britain.
Shortly after her eighteenth birthday in 1944, Princess Elizabeth was
appointed a Counsellor of State during the King's absence on a tour of the
Italian battlefields and, for the first time, carried out some of the
duties of Head of State. In August that year, with Queen Elizabeth, the
Princess received an address from the House of Commons, and replied on
behalf of the Throne.
In September 1944, the Princess carried out her first official tour of
Scotland with her parents, including her first opening ceremony in October
when she opened the recently reconstructed Aberdeen Sailors' Home. The
Princess's first flight by air was in July 1945, when she accompanied the
King and Queen on a two-day visit to Northern Ireland.
In early 1945 the Princess was made a Subaltern in the Auxiliary
Territorial Service (ATS). By the end of the war she had reached the rank
of Junior Commander, having completed her course at No. 1 Mechanical
training Centre of ATS and passed out as a fully qualified driver.
After the end of the war, Princess Elizabeth's public engagements continued
to grow, and she travelled extensively to attend public functions
throughout the British Isles. These included the launching of a new
aircraft carrier in Belfast and a tour of Ulster in March 1946, and
attending the National Eisteddfod of Wales in August 1946.
Her first official overseas visit took place in 1947, when she accompanied
her parents and sister on a tour of South Africa. During this tour she
celebrated her twenty-first birthday, and gave a broadcast address
dedicating herself to the service of the Commonwealth - a dedication she
repeated five years later on her accession to the throne.
On her return from the South Africa tour, Princess Elizabeth received the
freedom of the City of London in June 1947; in July, she received the
freedom of the city of Edinburgh.
In November 1947, Princess Elizabeth was created a Lady of the Garter at a
private investiture by the King.
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY
Shortly after the Royal Family returned from South Africa, the Princess's
engagement to Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten was announced. The couple, who
had known each other for many years, were married in Westminster Abbey on
20 November 1947. Lieutenant Mountbatten, now His Royal Highness The Prince
Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was the son of Prince Andrew of Greece and a
great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria.
The Royal couple had four children, and seven grandchildren.
Prince Charles, now The Prince of Wales, Heir apparent to the throne, was
born in 1948, and his sister, Princess Anne, now The Princess Royal, two
years later.
After Princess Elizabeth became Queen, their third child, Prince Andrew,
arrived in 1960 and the fourth, Prince Edward, in 1964. Prince Andrew and
Prince Edward were the first children to be born to a reigning monarch
since Queen Victoria had her family.
Their grandchildren are Peter and Zara Phillips (b. 1977 and 1981); Prince
William of Wales and Prince Henry of Wales (b. 1982 and 1984); Princess
Beatrice of York and Princess Eugenie of York (b. 1988 and 1990); and The
Lady Louise Windsor, daughter of The Earl and Countess of Wessex (b. 2003).
ACCESSION AND CORONATION
After her marriage Princess Elizabeth paid formal visits with The Duke of
Edinburgh to France and Greece; in autumn 1951 they toured Canada. She also
visited Malta four times while The Duke was stationed there on naval
duties. In 1952, King George VI's illness forced him to abandon his
proposed visit to Australia and New Zealand. The Princess, accompanied by
Prince Philip, took his place. On 6 February, during the first stage of
this journey, in Kenya, she received the news of her father's death and her
own accession to the throne.
Her Majesty's coronation took place in Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953.
Representatives of the peers, the Commons and all the great public
interests in Britain, the Prime Ministers and leading citizens of the other
Commonwealth countries, and representatives of foreign states were present.
The ceremony was broadcast on radio around the world and, at The Queen's
request, on television. It was television, then in its relative infancy,
that brought home the splendour and the deep significance of the coronation
to many hundreds of thousands of people in a way never before possible. The
coronation was followed by drives through every part of London, a review of
the fleet at Spithead, and visits to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales.
ROLE AS MONARCH
In winter 1953 Her Majesty set out to accomplish, as Queen, the
Commonwealth tour she had begun before the death of her father. With The
Duke of Edinburgh she visited Bermuda, Jamaica, Fiji, Tonga, New Zealand,
Australia, Ceylon, Uganda, Malta and Gibraltar. This was the first of
innumerable tours of the Commonwealth they have undertaken at the
invitation of the host governments. During the past fifty years The Queen
and Prince Philip have also made frequent visits to other countries outside
the Commonwealth at the invitation of foreign Heads of State.
Since her Coronation, The Queen has also visited nearly every county in
Britain, seeing new developments and achievements in industry, agriculture,
education, the arts, medicine and sport and many other aspects of national
life.
As Head of State, The Queen maintains close contact with the Prime
Minister, with whom she has a weekly audience when she is in London, and
with other Ministers of the Crown. She sees all Cabinet papers and the
records of Cabinet and Cabinet Committee meetings. She receives important
Foreign Office telegrams and a daily summary of events in Parliament.
Her Majesty acts as host to the Heads of State of Commonwealth and other
countries when they visit Britain, and receives other notable visitors from
overseas.
She holds Investitures in Britain and during her visits to other
Commonwealth countries, at which she presents honours to people who have
distinguished themselves in public life.
As Sovereign, Her Majesty is head of the Navy, Army and Air Force of
Britain. On becoming Queen she succeeded her father as Colonel-in-Chief of
all the Guards Regiments and the Corps of Royal Engineers and as Captain-
General of the Royal Regiment of Artillery and the Honourable Artillery
Company. At her Coronation she assumed similar positions with a number of
other units in Britain and elsewhere in the Commonwealth. (A full list
appears in Whitaker's Almanack.)
Every year, Her Majesty entertains some 48,000 people from all sections of
the community (including visitors from overseas) at Royal Garden Parties
and other occasions. At least three garden parties take place at Buckingham
Palace and a fourth at the Palace of Holyroodhouse, in Edinburgh.
Additional 'special' parties are occasionally arranged, for example to mark
a significant anniversary for a charity. In 1997, there was a special Royal
Garden Party attended by those sharing The Queen and The Duke of
Edinburgh's golden wedding anniversary. In the summer of 2002 there was a
special Golden Jubilee Garden Party for individuals born on Accession Day,
6 February 1952.
Her Majesty also gives regular receptions and lunches for people who have
made a contribution in different areas of national and international life.
She also appears on many public occasions such as the services of the
Orders of the Garter and the Thistle; Trooping the Colour; the Remembrance
Day ceremony; and national services at St Paul's Cathedral and Westminster
Abbey.
The Queen is Patron or President of over 700 organisations. Each year, she
undertakes a large number of engagements: some 478 in the UK and overseas
in 2003.
ANNIVERSARIES
In 1977 The Queen's Silver Jubilee was celebrated in Britain and throughout
the Commonwealth. Accompanied by The Duke of Edinburgh, The Queen travelled
some 90,000 kilometres (56,000 miles) to share the anniversary with her
people. Enormous crowds greeted them wherever they went, and millions more
shared in the celebrations through radio and television. In 1986 The Queen
took part in celebrations in Windsor and London to mark her sixtieth
birthday.
Although it was not regarded as a Jubilee, the 40th anniversary of The
Queen's Accession in 1992 was marked by a number of events and community
projects in the UK. These were organised privately or through the Royal
Anniversary Trust. On Accession Day itself, 6 February, the BBC broadcast
Elizabeth R, a television documentary on The Queen's working life. This was
subsequently shown in over 25 countries around the world.
On 20 November 1997 The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh celebrated their
Golden Wedding. A special Garden Party for couples celebrating their Golden
Wedding was held at Buckingham Palace in July. The anniversary itself was
marked by a service at Westminster Abbey, a lunch hosted by the Government
at Banqueting House and a family dance held in the newly restored State
Rooms at Windsor Castle.
The year 2002 saw The Queen's Golden Jubilee, marking 50 years since The
Queen's Accession (rather than the Coronation, which took place in 1953).
This special milestone had previously been achieved by only five earlier
British monarchs - King Henry III, King Edward III, King James VI and I,
King George III and Queen Victoria.
Celebrations in the United Kingdom ran throughout the summer months of
2002, including extensive regional visits. The Jubilee Weekend saw the
focus of national celebrations, including two free public concerts for over
24,000 people in the gardens of Buckingham Palace, a pageant in the Mall, a
service of thanksgiving at St. Paul's Cathedral, and an appearance on the
balcony of Buckingham Palace before a crowd of one million people. During
the course of the year The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh also visited
Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica and Canada.
HORSEMANSHIP
Her Majesty takes a keen and highly knowledgeable interest in horses. She
attends the Derby at Epsom, one of the classic flat races in Britain, and
the Summer Race Meeting at Ascot, which has been a Royal occasion since
1911. As an owner and breeder of thoroughbreds, she often visits other race
meetings to watch her horses run, and also frequently attends equestrian
events. In 1984, 1986 and 1991 Her Majesty made brief private visits to the
United States to see stallion stations and stud farms in Kentucky.
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