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Реферат: Топики (Иностранные языки)
THE ROMAN TIMES IN BRITISH HISTORY
In the early days of history (50-450) England was known as
Britain and the people who lived there were the Britons. There were no big
towns on the British Isles at that time. People lived in small villages
along the rivers or near the sea. The Britons caught fish, grew wheat and
had many pigs, cows and sheep in the meadows near the rivers and on the
sides of the mountains. Later they learned to make things of wool and metal
and sold them to the people who came across the sea.
The Romans with Julius Caesar at the head invaded the British Isles and
forced the population to pay tribute.
The Romans kept their armies in Britain. They built roads and had the
country under control.
They protected themselves from the attacks of the Britons by the walls
which they built across Britain.
You can see the Roman walls in Britain even now. Here is Hadrian's Wall
which was built by the emperor Hadrian in the year 122.
The Romans left the country only in the second half of the 5th century.
The Roman armies were called back to Italy where they defended the country
from barbaric peoples.
Roman—римский; n римлянин
British Isles—Британские острова
an invader—завоеватель
to protect—защищать
the Britons—бритты
to invade—завоевывать
to force—заставлять
population—население
tribute—дань
to keep (kept;kept)—держать
a road—дорога
a century—век
barbaric—варварский
Реферат на тему: Топики для сдачи экзамена по английскому языку в 11-ом классе (Шпаргалка)
RUSSIAN FEDERATION (RUSSIA)
Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. It occupies about one-
seventh part of dry land. It is situated in Europe and Asia. Its total area
is over 17 million square kilometers.
The country is washed by seas and oceans.
There are different types of climate on the territory of the country. It
is very cold in the North even in summer. The central part of the country
has mild climate: winters are cold, springs and autumns are warm or cool,
summers are hot and warm. In the South the temperature is usually above
zero all year round, even in winter. Summer is really hot, the climate is
very favourable. The climate of Siberia is continental: summers are hot and
dry, winters are very cold.
Some parts of our country are covered with mountains and hills.
There are many rivers in Russia, the longest rivers are the Volga in
Europe and the Yenisei and the Ob in Asia. The deepest lakes are the Baikal
and the Ladoga.
The Russian Federation is very rich in mineral resources, such as oil,
natural gas, coal, iron, gold and others.
Russia borders on many countries. Among them are Estonia, Latvia,
Finland, Poland, China, Mongolia, Korea.
Moscow is the capital of our country. It was founded in 1147. It is a
wonderful city. There are many sights in Moscow. You can see many museums,
art galleries, theatres, churches and monuments in our capital. People of
our country are proud of the Moscow Kremlin. There are also many big
beautiful cities in Russia.
The population of Russia is about 150 million people. 83 per cent of the
population are Russians. 70 per cent of the population live in cities.
MOSCOW
Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most
beautiful cities in the world. Moscow is a modern city now. The population
of the city is about 9.8 million people. Moscow is a political centre,
where the government of our country works. Moscow was founded in 1147 by
Yuri Dolgoruky. The total area of Moscow is about nine hundred square
kilometres.
We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as the Moscow—Volga Canal
links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seas and the Sea of
Azov.
Moscow is an industrial centre too. There are many factories and plants in
it. One of the best-known plants produces many lorries, and the other one
produces cars.
The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the famous theatres all over the world. If
you are fond of painting you can go to the Tretyakov Art Gallery or to the
Pushkin Fine Arts Museum and see a lot of interesting portraits and
landscapes there. We say that the Tretyakov Art Gallery is a treasure-house
of Russian art. Young people like to visit the Central Military Museum.
There are many tanks, guns and war documents there.
One can see the Kremlin and Red Square in the city. There are many fine
buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares, churches and monuments
in Moscow.
It is necessary to mention such famous monuments as monuments to the
great Russian writer Alexander Pushkin and to the first Russian printer
Ivan Fedorov.
Visiting the capital a lot of foreigners from all over the world come to
see these monuments.
One of the highest buildings in Moscow is the State Moscow University. It
was founded in 1755 by the great scientist Mikhail Lomonosov.
Transport. Moscow is a very big city, and its transport must be
comfortable and fast.
One can see a lot of cars, buses, trolley-buses, trams in the streets of
our city. The Moscow metro began its work on the 15th of May, 1935. There
were 13 stations at that time. Now it has 190 stations. Our metro is a
beautiful and convenient one.
There are nine railway stations in Moscow and five airports around the
city.
There are many stadiums in Moscow. The Central Stadium is in Luzhniki.
Many competitions and football matches are held there.
The Olympic village was built for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow in
1980. It is a big complex for sport games.
I live in Moscow and I am proud of this city.
THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
The United Kingdom is situated in the north-west coast of Europe between
the Atlantic Ocean on the north-west and the North Sea on the east.
The U. K. includes Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
I
Great Britain, the largest island in Europe, contains England, Scotland
and Wales.
The United Kingdom has an area of
244,000 square kilometres (94,249 square miles). The capital of the
country is London. English is the official language.
The population of the U. K. is nearly 60 million people. The population
lives mostly in towns and cities and their suburbs. Four out of every five
people live in towns. Over 46 million people live in England. Over 3
million — in Wales. A little over 5 million — in Scotland. About 1.5
million— in Northern Ireland. London's population is over 7 million people.
The British nation consists of the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the
Irish. There are many people of all colours and races in the United
Kingdom.
The climate of Great Britain is mild. It is not too hot in summer or too
cold in winter. It often rains in England. Rain falls in summer and in
winter, in autumn and in spring. Snow falls only in the north and west of
the country. The surface of England and Ireland is flat, but Scotland and
Wales are mountainous. Many parts of the country have beautiful villages.
There are many rivers in Great Britain. The main river is the Thames. Many
ships and barges go up and down the river. The longest river is Severn. It
is 350 kilometres long.
There are many universities, colleges libraries, museums and theatres in
the country. The most famous universities are Cambridge University, Oxford
University, Glasgow University.
The U. K. is a parliamentary monarchy. The British Parliament consists of
two Houses: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The Prime Minister
is the head of the government.
The United Kingdom has some mineral resources. Coal and oil are the most
important of them. The United Kingdom i one of the world's most
industrialize» countries. The main industrial centres are Sheffield,
Birmingham and Manchester. The largest cities of the country are London,
Birmingham, Cardiff, Manchester, Glasgow, Belfast, Dublin.
Agriculture takes an important sector in economy of the country. The
British people grow wheat, fruit, vegetables oats.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The USA is one of the largest countries in the world. It is situated in
the central part of the North American continent. The area of the USA is
over nine million square kilometres. It is washed by the Pacific Ocean and
by the Atlantic Ocean. The most northern part of the USA is Alaska,, the
largest state, separated from the rest of the country by Canada.
The population of the United States is nearly 250 million people, most of
the people live in towns. People of different nationalities live in the
USA.
The official language of the country is English. The capital of the
country is Washington. It was named in honour of the first President,
George Washington.
As the USA is a large country, the climate is different in different
regions. Foi example, the Pacific coast is a region of mild winters and
warm, dry summers, but the eastern continental region is watered with
rainfall. The region arounc the Great Lakes has changeable weather.
There are many mountains in the USA For example, the highest peaks of the
Cordilliers in the USA are 6,193 and 4,418 metres.
The main river of the country is the Mississippi. But there are many
other great rivers in the USA: the Colorado in the south and the Columbia
in the northwest. There are five Great Lakes between the USA and Canada.
The USA produces more than 52 per cent of the world's corn, wheat,
cotton, tobacco.
There are many big cities in the coun try. They are Washington (the
capital
of the country). New York (the city of contrasts, financial and business
centre of the USA), Boston (there are many colleges and universities in
it), Chicago (one of the biggest industrial cities in the USA), San
Francisco, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Detroit (one of the biggest centres
of the automobile industry).
The USA has an Academy of Sciences. There are many scientific
institutions, museums, libraries, theatres and other interesting places in
the country.
The USA is a highly developed industrial country. The USA is rich in
mineral resources, such as aluminium, salt, zinc, coppers, and others. The
country is rich in coal, natural gas, gold and silver, too. It holds one of
the first places in the world for the production of coal, iron, oil,
natural gas.
Such industries as machine-building, ship-building are highly developed in
the country.
American agriculture produces a lot of food products: grain, fruit,
vegetables.
The USA is a federal republic, consisting of fifty states. Each of these
states has its own government. Congress is the American Parliament which
consists of two Chambers.
The president is the head of the state and the government. He is elected
for four years.
NEW ZEALAND
New Zealand is a very interesting country. It has got total area of
269,000 square kilometers. It is situated to south-east of Australia in the
Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main islands (North Island and South
Island) and some smaller ones. Nearly 3.5 million people live in the
country. The capital of New Zealand is Wellington. It is a financial centre
too. The city was founded in 1840 and has been the capital since 1865. The
official language Is English.
The climate of New Zealand is moist. New Zealand is rich in minerals.
There are some main industries in the country, for example, iron and steel
industry. The country has gas and petroleum. There are many mountains in
New Zealand. The highest is Mount Cook (3,764 metres or 12,349 feet).
There are many rivers and lakes in the country. The chief rivers are the
Waikato and the Wairu. You have heard about the native animals in the
country. One of them is the kiwi. This interesting bird lives in the wet
parts of the thick bushes. In the day-time the bird does not go out. It
comes out only at night to find food. Kiwis cannot fly. Many years ago
kiwis were hunted for food. Now the government does not permit the hunting
the kiwis. The kiwi is now the symbol of New Zealand people. Small children
are often called kiwis.
New Zealand is independent state, but formerly it is a part of the British
Empire. The head of the state is the Queen. New Zealand is self-governing
state. The Parliament consists of one House only, the House of
Representatives. The Prime Minister is the head of the government.
New Zealand has got heavy industry. There are many plants in the country.
Paper and rubber industries are developed too. New Zealand exports wool,
meat, butter.
There are some big cities such as Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dune-
din, Nelson. Auckland and Wellington are the main ports of the country.
There are some educational and cultural institutions in Wellington. They
are the University of New Zealand, Victoria University College and others.
Victoria University was established in 1897.
New Zealand is a very interesting and beautiful country.
THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA
The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal state. It has got six states:
New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia,
Tasmania and two internal territories. The official language is English.
Australia is situated in the south-west of the Pacific Ocean.
The area of this country has got 7,687,000 square kilometers. Australia is
the largest island in the world and it is the smallest continent. The Dutch
were the first Europeans to visit Australia. In 1770 the English captain
James Cook discovered the east coast of Australia.
Nearly 20 million people live in Australia.
Australia's climate is dry and warm. Australia is situated in the southern
hemisphere and that's why there is summer, when we have winter and there is
winter, when we have summer. It is interesting to know that January is the
hottest month in Australia.
Australia is separated from many countries. The animals in Australia have
a lot of original, and they are interesting, for example, dingoes (wild
dogs), koala bears, kangaroos.
The kangaroo and koala have got the pouch in which they carry their cubs.
There are many birds in the country, too. One can see parrots and
cockatoos. The emu is the most interesting bird in Australia. It is big and
can't fly.
There are many rivers and lakes in the country.
Australia is an industrial country. It has coal, nickel, zinc, gold.
Several factories and plants work in the country. Australia is one of the
most important producers of metals and minerals. It exports wool
production, meat, fruit, sugar.
The capital of the country is Canberra. The city became the capital in
1927. Federal Government works in Canberra in the government buildings. It
is interest
ing to know that there are no industrial plants in Canberra.
The population of Canberra is about 300,000 people.
There are many sights in the city. They are the Building of the Australian
Academy of Sciences, the Australian National University and others. There
are two big industrial cities in Australia: Sydney and Melbourne.
The habited part of the country is situated near ocean. Melbourne, Sydney,
Brisbane and others are the ports of the country.
Australia is a part of the British Empire. Formerly the head of the state
is the Queen, but in fact Australia is independent, self-governing state.
The Parliament consists of two Houses.
There are many universities, theatres and museums in Australia.
YOUTH PROBLEMS
All people have problems. Some of them have many problems, the others have
one or two problems only.
Young people have as many problems as the grown-ups. It is possible to
solve some problems but sometimes we can not solve this or that problem.
The first problem is to choose a good friend. I know the proverb "A friend
in need is a friend indeed." I agree with it, that's why I try to make
friends with gay and true persons.
I want to have a friend who understands me. It will be simple and
interesting to speak to him or her.
I think that young people have problems with their parents. What are they?
Sometimes we have different tastes. I like the proverb "There is no
accounting for tastes." For example, I go to the shops with my mother. She
likes this dress but I like that one. My mother wants me to buy this dress.
But I am sure, that dress is much to my taste.
My parents want me to be a teacher as they are skilled teachers but I
have a taste for music, and my dream is to be a composer.
Where can we go? What can we do if we have free time? My friend Nastya
lives in the village. Her village is far from Moscow. It takes her three
hours to go to Moscow. She says that there is nowhere to go and there is
nothing to do in her village. There are no clubs, museums, cinemas, parks
there. If she wants to go to Moscow it'll take her a lot of money. She
can't afford it.
It is a problem to get a good education.
It is necessary to pay for a good education. I think it is difficult to
learn English, for example, without additional classes.
I can't enter the Institute without good knowledge. To get it it is
necessary to pay for it and have heavy expenses.
Many good teachers leave schools because they haven't got enough money.
Persons without special experience can't teach the pupils well.
I am sure that all teenagers want to have a lot of money to dress well, to
go to the theatres, to visit foreign countries, ito eat what they want, to
buy books-How can they solve all these problems?
They have to earn money. I think it is possible to do it. Some boys wash
cars, the others sell newspapers, some of my friends help old persons. Many
of my friends have load of care.
We have some problems but we are sure that we solve them in a proper way.
I think that the young people in other countries have many problems too. I
have a pen-friend in Italy. He usually writes that his parents make him to
do a lot of house-work. It is stange for us, but my friend Jack from London
has his biggest problem — his freckles.
INTRODUCING YOURSELF
My name is Kostya. My surname is Laznev. I was born in Moscow on the 23rd
of June in 1981. I am a tall thin boy. My hair is dark and short. My face
is oval, my nose is straight. My eyes are large and brown. My friends say
that I am a good-looking boy. I like to dress well. I usually wear black
trousers, light shirts, clean boots.
I have a dream to enter the Institute.
I worked hard at school. We studied many subjects such as History,
Russian, Physics, Geography and others. I was fond of English and Physics.
And I was good at them.
I think that I am honest, serious and polite.
I want to get a good education and find an interesting and useful work. I
have a hobby. I like to sing songs. My father likes to sing songs too. He
knows many good songs and we usually sing songs together.
Nowadays young people don't like classical music. They prefer pop music.
My parents invite me to some very good concerts of classical music. It is
great. I am very grateful to my parents because now I begin to understand
how wrong I was going only to pop concerts.
I am proud of my mother and father. They are musicians. We like to spend
our free time together. We often go to the museums, to the Concert Halls,
to the theatres.
I want to say that I respect my parents.
I HAVE A DREAM TO BE A DOCTOR
There are many interesting and noble professions. I want to become a
doctor.
I like this profession and I am eager to get a medical education and work
at a hospital.
It is a good tradition in our family. My mother is a doctor, my
grandfather is a doctor and I want to be a doctor, too.
When I was a little boy my grandfather worked at a hospital and I spent
some time at the hospital with him. He is a surgeon and works in a surgical
department.
Day by day he takes care of his hospital patients, he treats them well.
He is very attentive. Every day he comes into
wards asking patients, "What do you complain of?"
He wants all people to be able-bodied and he tries to treat his in-
patients in a proper way.
To operate on persons is his main task. He is a kind and skilled surgeon.
Every day he comes into an operating-room and operates on his in-patients.
After each operation he takes care of his in-patients. Day by day he helps
them to recover and he is glad when he can say, "My in-patient is quite
recovered."
Sometimes he advises his in-patients to go to sanatoriums after leaving
the hospital. He instructs them in detail what they can do and eat after
their operations.
My grandfather tells me a lot of true stories about doctors, their
profession, their aid for people.
I respect my grandfather. I like his profession and I have a dream to be a
doctor too.
SPORT AND A HEALTHY MODE OF LIFE
Sport is very important in our life. It is popular among young and old
people.
Many people do morning exercises, jog in the morning, train themselves in
clubs, in different sections and take part in sport competitions.
Other people like sports too, but they only watch sports games, listen to
sports news. They prefer reading interesting stories about sportsmen. But
they don't go in for sports.
Physical training is an important subject at school. Pupils have got
physical training lessons twice a week. Boys and girls play volley-ball and
basket-ball at the lessons. There is a sportsground near our school and
school-children go in foi sports in the open air.
A lot of different competitions are held at schools, a great number of
pupils take part in them. All participants try to get good results and
become winners. Sport helps people to keep in good health. If you go in for
sports, you have good health and don't catch cold.
Children and grown-ups must take care of their health and do morning
exercises regularly.
There are some popular kinds of sports in our country: football, volley-
ball, hockey, gymnastics, skiing, skating. Athletics is one of the most
popular kinds of sports. It includes such kinds of sports as running,
jumping and others. Everybody may choose the sport he (or she) is
interested in.
There are summer and winter sports.
My favourite sport is swimming. I go to the swimming-pool twice a week.
But I prefer to rest by the lake or the river and swim there.
My friend Kostya goes in for boxing. He is a good boxer and he is a brave
and courageous boy. His hobby helps him in his everyday life.
Sports in Great Britain
National sports in Great Britain... It is a very interesting question,
because many kinds of sport have taken the origin in England.
The Englishmen love sports, they are called sports-lovers in spite of the
fact that some of them neither play games nor even watch them. They only
like to speak about sports.
Some kinds of sport are professional in England.
Many traditional sporting contests take place in England, for example,
cricket. It is played from May till September. This game is associated with
England. There are many cricket clubs in this country. English people like
to play cricket. They think that summer without cricket isn't summer.
Cricket is the English national sport in summer. If you want to play
cricket you must wear white boots, a white shirt and white long trousers.
There are two teams. Each team has eleven players. Cricket is popular in
boys' schools. Girls play cricket too.
Football. It has got a long history. Football was played by the whole
village teams in the middle ages in England.
Now football is the most popular game in Britain. It is a team game.
There are some amateur teams but most of the teams are professional ones in
England. Professional football is a big business. Football is played at
schools too.
Rugby football. You can see a ball in this game, but it is not round. It
is oval. This is a team game. There are fifteen players in each team. It is
a popular game in England. There are many amateur rug-by football teams in
this country.
If we speak about football we can mention an American football too. It is
a game that is played between two teams of players using an oval ball that
can be handled or kicked. The captain of the team must be the oldest or
best player.
Table tennis or ping-pong. Englishmen heard about table tennis in 1880.
Then the International Table Tennis Association was formed and the
international rules were worked out.
Many people like to play table tennis. This game is played by men and
women.
There are some tennis clubs in England, but if you play there it is
necessary to pay money for it.
Englishmen like playing tennis but many of them prefer to watch this game.
Wimbledon. It is the centre of lawn tennis. Some years ago Wimbledon was a
village, now it is a part of London. The most important tennis competition
takes place there every summer.
Englishmen pay much attention to swimming, rowing and walking. Usually the
Oxford—Cambridge Boat Race takes place at the end of March or at the
beginning of April. It is an interesting contest between the universities
of Oxford and Cambridge. It is usually held on the Thames River. The first
such race was held in 1820. There were a lot of people watching this race.
There are some racing competitions in England. They are motor-car racing,
dog-racing, donkey-racing, boat-racing, horse-racing. All kinds of racings
are popular in England. It is interesting to see the egg-and-spoon race.
The runner, who takes part in this competition, must carry an egg in a
spoon. It is not allowed to drop the egg.
We must speak about the Highland Games in Scotland. All competitors wear
Highland dress. There are such competitions as putting the weight, tossing
the caber and others. The English are great lovers of sports.
LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGES
It is necessary to learn foreign languages. That's why pupils have got
such subject as a foreign language at school. Everybody knows his own
language, but it is useful to know foreign languages.
I learn English, because I understand that I can use it. For example, if I
go to England I'll be able to speak English there. If I go to the USA, I'll
speak English too. English is used not only in England, but also in other
parts of the world.
I learn English because I want to read foreign literature in the original.
I know and like such English and American writers as Charles Dickens, Mark
Twain, Lewis Carroll and others. I understand that I must learn English. If
I know English well, I'll be able to go to the library and take books by
English and American writers in the original.
I like to travel. But it is difficult to visit countries, when you don't
know the language of these countries. If I know the language of the
country, where I am going to, it will be easy to travel there. If I want to
ask something, I can do it in English.
I like to read books. And I like to read newspapers, too. If I know, for
example, English I'll be able to read English newspapers and magazines.
Knowledge of foreign languages helps young people of different countries to
understand each other, to develop friendship among them. For example, we
have a foreign exhibition in Moscow. If I know a foreign language, it is
easy for me to visit this exhibition.
You can see a lot of advertisements, signboards, names in the streets.
They are in foreign languages. Very often they are in English. If you know
English, you can read and understand them.
Now we buy many clothes from other countries If you know English well, you
can read something about the size of this or that thing. It is clear for
you what it is made of.
There are a lot of films in foreign languages. If you know foreign
languages, you can understand films without any help.
There are international friendship camps in the world. If you can speak
foreign languages, it will be easy for you to visit such camps and speak
with the boys, girls, men even they don't know Russian.
In short, I understand that I have to learn English in a proper way and I
try to do it.
I LIKE TO TRAVEL
I like to travel. First of all, the members of our family usually have
long walks in the country. Such walks are called hikes. If we want to see
the countryside, we have to spend a part of our summer holidays on hikes.
It is useful for all members of our family. We take our rucksacks, we don't
think about tickets, we don't hurry up and we walk a lot. During such hikes
we see a lot of interesting places, sometimes we meet. interesting people.
I like to travel by car. It is interesting too, because you can see many
things in a short time. When we go by car, we don't take tickets too, we
put all things we need in a car. We don't carry them.
THE PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Our country. Our environment. There are many big and small rivers, green
forests, high mountains, lakes and seas in Russia.
Our Earth is our home. I think people must take care of our Motherland.
There are some laws and decisions on this important subject. We have state
organizations which pay attention to this problem.
The international conventions pay much attention to the control of
pollution too.
There are a lot of industrial enterprises in our country, that's why we
can't ignore the problem of the protection of our environment. Our main aim
is the protection. Our environment must be clean. What V must we do for it?
We have to control atmospheric and water pollution, to study the man's
influence on the climate. The pollution of the environment influences the
life of animals, plants and our human life. If we don't use chemicals in a
proper way we'll pollute our environment.
Our plants and factories put their waste materials into water and
atmosphere and pollute the environment.
There are many kinds of transport in our big cities, that's why we must
pay attention to the protection of our nature and the health of the people.
Radiation. Now it has become one of the main problems. It is not good for
J health of people. Many people died from radiation some years ago in
Chernobyl. It ' was a tragedy. Another problem is earthquake. We know some
terrible earthquakes in the world. Our scientists try to forecast
earthquakes, then we can protect ourselves from them.
The people all over the world do everything to protect their nature, to
make their country richer, to make their life happier.
CHRISTMAS DAY
Every country has its own customs and traditions. English people are proud
of their traditions and they keep them up.
It is difficult to speak about England without speaking about its
holidays. Christmas Day is among them.
All English people celebrate Christmas (or X-mas) on the 25th of December.
Christmas! What kind of holiday is it? It is the yearly celebration of the
birth of Jesus Christ. It falls on December 25 by the Catholic Church and
on the 7th of January by the Orthodox Church. This holiday means the
beginning of the new year and the new life. English people celebrate this
holiday with the evergreen tree — Christmas tree. Children rut
along sock, called a Christmas stocking at the end of their beds and Santa
Claus conies down the chimney to bring them presents.
Christmas Day is the greatest holiday in England. It is interesting to
visit the shops before this holiday. There are a lot of nice Christmas
cards and presents there. English people like this holiday very much and
prepare for it beforehand. They buy presents for each other, try to send
Christmas cards for their relatives and friends.
It is interesting to visit London during this holiday. There is a
Christmas tree in Trafalgar Square. We can see many lights, toys and sweets
all over this tree. Everywhere you can see slogans "A Merry Christmas and a
Happy New Year".
The traditional English dinner on Christmas is turkey and pudding.
NEW YEAR'S DAY
There are many holidays in our country. They are: New Year's Day,
Christmas, Women's Day, Victory Day, May Day and others.
I like New Year's Day, it is my favourite holiday. The 1st of January is a
winter holiday and now it is the first day of the New Year.
Peter the First changed the Russian calendar in 1699. He made the 31st of
December, 1699 the last day of the year. The first of January 1700 became
New Year's Day.
The 1st of January is in the middle of winter. The weather is usually fine
and there is a lot of snow everywhere. As the 1st of January is a holiday I
don't go to school and my parents don't go to work.
We usually have got a very interesting New Year's party at school. We
have got it on the 28th or 29th of December.
Our family prepares for this holiday beforehand. My father buys and
brings home a beautiful New Year's tree at the end of December. Our family
has a tradition to buy it. I like to decorate the New Year's tree with
toys, little coloured lights, sweets and a beautiful star on the top.
My mother and grandmother prepare our holiday supper and lay the table. I
make a cake.
All the members of our family clean the flat before this nice holiday and
then each of us try to dress well. We like to see the New Year in at home
with our relatives. They come to see us at 11 o'clock in the evening.
At 12 o'clock we are sitting at the table and we are glad to see the New
Year in. We say, "Best wishes for the New Year!"
I hope that next year will be better than the last one.
The New Year's Day is always connected with our new hopes and dreams.
It is a pleasant moment to get presents on the New Year's Eve.
I usually get many nice useful things from my parents and relatives.
My parents put their presents under the New Year's tree.
We don't go to bed till morning, we watch TV, dance, eat tasty things and
make jokes.
I enjoy this holiday very much.
YURI GAGARIN (1934-68)
Yuri Gagarin was the first cosmonaut in the world. Yuri Alexeyevich
Gagarin was born on the 9th of March, 1934. He was born in the village of
Klushino in the Smolensk region.
Yura was an active, brave and curious boy. His father was jack of all
trades and he helped his son when Yura made toy planes by hand. But the war
began. Yuri Gagarin and his mother, father, brother and sister left their
house and had to live in a dug-out.
After the war Gagarin's family moved to Gzhatsk. Now it is Gagarin. It
was named after the first cosmonaut.
In 1951 Gagarin graduated from a vocational school in Lyubertsy near
Moscow.
Yuri Gagarin attended an aeroclub and began to fly when he was a student
of a technical secondary school in Saratov.
In 1955 he entered a school for pilots. Then he became a pilot and joined
the first group of cosmonauts.
In 1960 Gagarin began to prepare for the flight into space.
On April 12, 1961 Yuri Gagarin flew into space and spent 108 minutes
there. Jt was the first time in history that the Russian spaceship "Vostok"
with the man on board was in space. After his flight he visited many
countries and saw millions of people. Gagarin became a Hero of our country.
He died in 1968, but people always remember the first Russian cosmonaut.
THE MASS MEDIA
Newspapers
There are many kinds of newspapers in our country. It is possible to buy
them almost everywhere. But we can't read all the newspapers. We know that
it is necessary to read newspapers. Reading them we can learn a lot of
interesting and useful things. I think that everyone must read newspapers
every day. I read many newspapers and magazines.
Everyone has its favourite newspapers. I like "Vechernaya Moskva" best of
all. This newspaper was published on the 6th of December, 1923 for the
first time. It usually has 8 pages. You can read some news on the 1st page.
You can't know a lot about these events, you read only some facts, which
are usually short, but
interesting. If you turn the second page, you can read about our life. You
can read out events abroad and about your favourite artists and singers,
too. You л see some advertisements on each page the newspaper and use them.
You can learn about the weather from the pages of is newspaper.
If you are fond of football, basket-ball tennis, you read articles about
sport events in our country and about our famous sportsmen. If you want to
buy something you have to read the last page. There are some humorous
stories in this newspaper.
Magazines
It is interesting to look through some magazines or read them. It is
possible to subscribe to some of them or buy them. We usually subscribe to
the magazine "At the wheel". As we have a car it is useful for us to read
it. My mother prefer to read the magazine "Liza". She says that it even
helps her in some cases.
Television and radio
I think that they are very popular means of information. They are popular
among young people in our country. We can know a lot of news watching TV or
listening to the radio set. All members of our family watch TV very
regularly. We like such programme as "My family". I prefer to discuss some
problems with my parents after it. I have many favourite TV programmes but
I haven't enough time to watch all of them.
MY HOBBY
What is a hobby? It is what you can and like to do, when you have free
time. We choose a hobby according to our character and taste. When we have
a hobby our life becomes more interesting.
Very often our hobby helps us to choose our future profession because we
learn a lot of new things.
Many people are interested in music. They collect records. Others like to
read and collect books. People living in cities and towns like to be closer
to nature and they spend their free time in the country.
Some of us go on hikes, some like to work in their gardens, take
photographs or knit.
For example, gardening and growing roses is the most common hobby among
Englishmen.
Both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games.
It has become one of the numerous hobbies.
I have got a hobby too.
My name is Nastya. Sometimes I have got some free time. As my hobby is
cooking I like to make cakes and pies. My cakes are very tasty, but I like
pies best of all. I'll tell you how I make pies with cabbage.
First of all I take a head of cabbage, cut and put it into a frying-pan.
Then I take carrot and peel it. By the way I have a very comfortable grater
at home. I like to use it when I make my pies. I usually grate carrot,
onion using my favourite grater. I put grated carrot into the frying-pan,
then I salt cabbage and carrot to my taste, mix them and add some water.
Then I stew these vegetables in the frying-pan. I usually buy some paste
for my pies.
I cut up paste, roll it and make small pies. Then I put pies with stewed
cabbage into the oven. It takes twenty minutes
to bake them. My parents and friends like to eat my pies. I advise you to
make such pies and I hope that you'll like them too.
MY SCHOOL
At the age of 6 or 7 all boys and girls go to school. I go to school too.
The number of my school is 338. Our school is large and light. It is
neither old nor new. There is a schoolyard around it. It is a pity, but
there are no flowers near the school. You can see a sportsground behind the
school. Sometimes we have physical training lessons there.
Our school has got three floors. There is a workshop on the ground floor.
It is big. There are all kinds of tools and machines there. The boys of our
school have a wood-work room too. They learn to make things of wood in this
room. There is a room for manual work for girls. It is not on the ground
floor, it is on the second floor.
There are some computer classes, and pupils like such school subjects as
Computing.
If you enter the school and go to the left you see a dining-room. Here
pupils and teachers have their breakfast and dinner.
The dining-room is a clean one. There are many nice pictures on the walls.
There is a gymnasium near the dining-room. All pupils like to go there,
because they like physical training lessons.
Our school has got a library. It is on the ground floor too. There are a
lot of interesting new and old books in it. But our library has no reading-
room.
Our school has got many classrooms. We have got two English classrooms.
History, Geography and Physics classrooms and others. They are big and
light and each of them has got two large windows with green curtains,
flowers on the window-sills, a bookcase near the door, the blackboard on
the wall.
The teacher's table with many books on it is situated not far from the
blackboard.
There are twenty desks and some comfortable chairs in the classrooms.
There is a TV set in each classroom. Sometimes it is used during the
lessons.
There is a school hall on the second floor where meetings and conferences
take place.
We organize concerts, parties when we celebrate our holidays. Pupils of
our school sing songs and dance modern and folk dances and perform some
plays there. The last bell is organized at our school in a proper way. It
is a very remarkable day in the life of all the pupils. The pupils of the
first form and the pupils of the eleventh one are preparing for this day
with great pleasure.
The teachers' room is on the second floor. There are tables and chairs
for teachers, a TV set and a telephone there. It is a comfortable and cosy
room and the teachers like to spend their free time in it. I like my
school. I go there and get knowledge.
THE CINEMA
The Lumiere brothers made their first film in 1895. This film was
demonstrated in one famous cafe in Paris.
The first films were silent and short, but they were popular among people.
The USA was the leader in the production of films. The first sound film
appeared in 1927. Soon coloured films appeared.
Cinematography has a long history in our country too.
Pioneers of the Russian cinema were Protozanov, Gardin, later Pudovkin and
Dovzhenko. At that time films were silent and black-and-white.
Later films became sound and colourful.
Some years ago it was popular to go to the cinemas in Moscow. It was
difficult to buy a ticket for a good film and we had to stand in a queue
for hours.
But now we prefer to stay at home and watch TV and video films.
In England the cinema is usually called "the pictures". The prices of
cinema seats in London are high. In the past cinemas were more popular than
they are now. It is interesting that in some towns in Britain the cinemas
are closed on Sundays.
I like to see documentary films best of all. Some of them are rather
interesting, because they tell us the truth about the history of our
country.
I like to see films about school life. As I study at school, such films
are connected with me. It is interesting to see films bout school life in
England, France, Spain and in the USA. It is interesting to know about
foreign education and to see their schools.
My favourite Russian film is "Moscow doesn't believe in tears". It is the
true story about the girl. She leaves her village for Moscow. This film
tells us about her difficulties, about her wish to live in the capital,
about her friends. I am sure that it is a kind and a clever film.
THE TRETYAKOV GALLERY
There are many interesting galleries in our country. The Tretyakov
Gallery is one
of the famous and well-known picture galleries in our country and all over
the world.
The State Tretyakov Gallery is situated in a Russian-looking building in
the centre of Moscow. This gallery is named after its founder Peter
Tretyakov. He began to collect Russian paintings in 1856. He wanted these
paintings to be seen by people.
This gallery and collections of paintings were nationalized in 1918.
The first works in Tretyakov's collection were the paintings of the "Pere-
dvizhniki". The collector bought paintings "Morning in a Pine Wood" by
Shish-kin and "Ivan Tsarevich on the Grey Wolf "by Vasnetsov.
The gallery has got many halls. There are halls devoted to the great
Russian painters of the 18th and 19th centuries. We can see pictures by
such painters as Serov, Repin, Ivanov, Levitan and others. You can see the
landscapes "After Rain" and "Golden Autumn". These paintings by Levitan are
beautiful. I like to see his paintings because he is one of my favourite
artists. I compare his painting "Golden Autumn" with the poem "Autumn" by
Pushkin.
There are some paintings by Repin in the Tretyakov Gallery. His paintings
are connected with the history of our country. For example, his painting
"Ivan Grozny Murders His Son Ivan". There are some portraits of Lev Tolstoy
and a self-portrait of Repin in this hall.
I like the painting "Trinity" by Andrei Rublyov. This work reflects the
life and soul of the Russian people.
This gallery has many new exhibits now. You can see works of the painters
of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century there. I like
works by Gerasimov. I think that he is a very talented painter.
BOOKS IN OUR LIFE
Books... I think that we can't live without them.
I consider that books are with us during all our life. When I was a child
my parents read them to me. I was pleased to listen to the stories and
tales. I learned a lot of interesting things from books. I remember, I
liked thick books.
Later I could read myself. I like to read books about animals, nature and
children.
I like to get presents on my birthday. I am happy if it is a book. It
doesn't matter what kind of book it is. I like to read almost all books. If
I have got time I like to spend it with my favourite book. When I was
fifteen I was fond of reading too.
But I preferred to read books about travels. I travelled with the heroes
of the stories. I saw many interesting places and learned a lot of
important facts about other countries and people.
Now I like to read books on science. You can learn many things from
books. I am sure that books play a very important role in my life.
Our family has got many books. All the members of our family buy books
and read them. My mother says that books help us in self-education.
In ancient times books were written by hand. It was difficult to write a
book with a pen. Then printing came into our life. Printing played an
important role in the development of literature and culture.
Now there are a lot of books in the shops, there are many books in our
flats. But it is difficult to buy all books which we want to read. That's
why we get books in public libraries.
There are some problems in our life and sometimes it is difficult to
solve them. I think that books can help us. Last year I read a very
interesting book "An American Tragedy" by Theodore Dreiser. This novel was
published at the beginning of the 20th century. The novel describes the
tragic fate of a boy and a girl, Clyde and Roberta by name. It is a sad
story. This novel was written many years ago, but it is popular nowadays.
Books must be our friends during all our life.
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