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Реферат: Шпаргалки по английскому языку (Иностранные языки)
Learning foreign languages. Somebody said: "English is a language that came
from nowhere to conquer the world…" These words are really true and I will
prove it. Foreign languages are absolutely necessary for us nowadays
because of our growing international contacts with all the countries of the
world.
There are many reasons why we begin the study of a foreign language. One of
them is to be able to communicate with other people who use this language.
We may be planning to travel in one or two countries where the language is
spoken. If we know the language of a foreign country, we can talk to its
people and understand what they are saying to us. If we are working in any
branch of science, we naturally wish to read scientific books and magazines
in other languages. Making business nowadays also means knowing foreign
languages because of the growing international business contacts. Knowing
foreign languages helps people of different countries to develop mutual
friendship and understanding. We can also make our intellectual and
cultural horizons wider through contacts with people of another culture. It
is also very interesting to read foreign literature in the original. We can
also read foreign newspapers and magazines and to understand films in
foreign languages without any help.
Learning foreign languages is compulsory in all the secondary and higher
schools in our country. English is a very popular language. People use it
in many parts of the world and there is a lot of business correspondence
and literature in English.
I think, it is very important to know at least one foreign language —
English, German, French, Spanish or any other one. In conclusion I would
like to say that now there are more than 60 countries that speak English as
the dominant or official language. My purpose is to show you why the
English is a world language. The present day world status of English is the
result of two factors: the expansion of British colonial power, which
peaked towards the end of the 19th century, and the emergence of the US as
the leading economic power of the 20th century. English is the chief
language of international business and academic conferences, and the
leading language of international tourism. English is the main language of
popular music, advertising, home computers and video games. Most of the
scientific, technological and academic information in the world is
expressed in English.
Reading plays a very important role in the life of people. It educates a
person, enriches his intellect. Books help to mould a person's character,
from his moral values. Besides, books bring pleasure and delight. It's a
wonderful way of spending spare time. Sometimes we read the same book again
and again. Thanks to books we learn to express our thoughts and feelings
more exactly. The book is faithful and understanding friend. It can be put
aside and taken up again at any moment. There are books which have been our
favorites since childhood. People are fond of reading different kinds of
books. Some people enjoy reading detective stories, adventure stories,
novels, biographies, other prefer classics. Fairy tales are enjoyed and
read by children, books about adventures and journeys are enjoyed by those
who are fond of traveling. Legends and myths are read by those who are fond
of history. Some people developed much time to reading books and reading
becomes their free time occupation, their passion. Through out the
centuries books had an enormous influence on the minds and hearts of
people. Books bind together ages, personalities. Thanks to books we can
talk to people who lived in different countries and ages. Through reading
books we hear their voices, thoughts and feelings. The book is the surest
way to bring nations together. It helps people achieve understanding,
trust, cooperation and friendship. Books awaken the young reader's
imagination. They develop literary taste, arouse interest and curiosity,
the reader's laugher as well as his tears. They teach the readers to be
truthful, friendly, honest decisive, conscientious, frank, firm, fair and
serious.
People reflect their life in art. Real, live art appeals to the heart and
mind of man, to his feelings and ideals and it proclaims life. Art is
truthful only when it serves life, only when the artist hopes to arouse a
warm response in the heart of man. Art belongs to the people. The history
of art from the Renaissance to our days confirms this. There are nearly a
thousand museums in Russia, many of them being world famous. The largest
collection of Russian art is the Tretyakov Art Gallery in Moscow. It is a
real treasury of canvases by prominent Russian painters. It contains
priceless collections of icons, 17-20th centuries paintings and sculptures
and contemporary Russian painting and sculpture. One of the largest and
most remarkable museums of the world is the Hermitage, more than three
hundred halls housing its exhibitions of articles of the greatest artistic
value. The museum's collections now comprise work of various periods in the
development of art, from ancient times up to the present day. Famous
painters from different countries are represented there. The Russian Museum
in St. Petersburg is another picture gallery which contains the richest
collection of Russian paintings of 18-19th centuries and the best
collection of Russian sculpture. In the Pushkin Museum of the Fine Arts in
Moscow the art of the Ancient East and Western Europe is represented. This
museum possesses a unique collection of copies of the finest sculptures of
the old time. It is in this museum that many famous foreign expositions of
the Fine Arts are displayed almost every year. Music plays an important
role in our life. It was born together with people. It reflects the world
around us by means of combination of tones, rhythm and melody. Music can
help to relax and to have a rest; it provokes our deepest emotions and
fills our hearts with kindness, joy and happiness. First musicians used
primitive instruments: whistles, pipes, and drums. Then harps, bagpipes,
flutes, and horns appeared. Nowadays modern musicians use various
instruments: violin, guitars, saxophones, trumpets and pianos. Some people
are fond of classical music, waltz, marches, country-dance, organ, folk,
spiritual music. Others are interested in modern music: jazz, blues, rock,
hard rock, and rap, rave. I like rap music. I admire it. It enriches me. I
hate hard rock. I think it is annoying. I don't understand it. I find it
noisy and dreadful. I am impressed by classical music. When I am in bad
mood I listen to classical music. When I have free time I like to listen to
romantic music. My friends share my tastes in music. I like having
background music while I'm working. I often go to concerts, buy records,
cassettes and CD's. People are fond of traveling. They spend their
holidays traveling. They travel to see other countries and continents, to
learn a lot about people's traditions, to enjoy picturesque places. It is
interesting for them to discover new things, different ways of life, to
meet different people, to try different food. Those who live in the country
like to find themselves in large cities with their shops, cinemas, crowds
of people. City-dwellers usually like a quiet holiday by the sea or in the
mountains with nothing to do but walking and bathing, laying in the sun.
Most travelers and holiday makers take a camera with them and take pictures
of everything that interests them - beautiful views of waterfalls, forests,
unusual plants and animals. These photos will remind them of the happy time
of holiday. These are many ways of traveling - by train, by plain, by ship,
on foot. Everyone chooses his favourite one. My favourite way is traveling
by plain. And not because it is very comfortable. It is exciting. I also
like traveling by train. I've traveled this way a lot. When you are in the
train you can see the beauty of nature. I envy the tourists because I think
that they study geography traveling and visiting different parts of the
world. They can tell you many things which you didn't know before. They are
interesting people from whom you can learn much new for yourself. Any kind
of travel helps you to understand many things that you can never see or
learn at home. As for me I'd like to have a coach tour to some foreign
country. Coach tours are planned and I'll have a chance to do a lot of
sightseeings and have a good rest at the same time. |My future profession.
The end of school is the start of our independent life and the beginning of
the most serious examination we have passed. In order to do well at this
examination it is necessary to choose the right road in life which will
help us to do our best and to work for the benefit of our country. Many
roads will open before us: technical schools, institutes and universities.
Everybody will have a chance to develop and use knowledge and education
received during the school years. There are a lot of different trades and
professions, and each one must choose the occupation in which he or she can
best develop one's own talent and abilities. Our society needs well-
educated people. Nowadays the profession of an economist has become one the
most useful, modern and interesting. That is because our country is moving
towards market economy and different forms of property are being
established. There is a place for an economist at every plant and factory.
An economist exercises different functions. He or she can determine the
structure of an enterprise and calculate costs as well as probable profits.
An economist analyses the condition of the market and prospects for its
development in the future. His or her practical use of electronic computers
is a must. The activities of an economist at an enterprise range from
bookkeeper control the financial state of an enterprise and perform a lot
of useful calculations. A manager is an actual administrator. Having a good
command of the economic situation in the region and the demands of the
market a person with an economist's diploma may establish his own business,
or he may become a partner of a joint venture. It is very important for an
economist to know a foreign language, especially English. That is because
contracts between our country and many countries of the world are becoming
wider with every coming day. Every economist has a chance to go abroad or
to deal with foreign businessmen coming to our country. But to become a
good economist one must work hard and get not only theoretical knowledge
but also great practical skills.
My school. I had just left school and I would like to tell you a few words
about it. I went to school in 1988. This school I studied in is a three
stored building. When you enter the school yard you can see poplar trees
and beautiful flowers. To the right of the school building there is a big
playground. When the weather was fine we had our classes in physical
training there. When you enter the school you come in to a large hall and a
cloak-room, there we left our coats, rain-coats and jackets. On the ground
floor where is also a school library and a gym. The class rooms, the
assembly hall, the teachers room and the canteen are on the upper floors.
On the walls of the corridors you can see the portraits of famous writers,
poets, scientists and our school wall newspaper. It is done by the pupils
of our school and has a lot of interesting things to read. I learned
different subjects at school: Russian, English, math, physics, chemistry,
geography, history and some others. My favorite subjects were Russian and
English. I also liked literature. I was good at these subjects and usually
got good marks in them. I worked hard at English lessons: read and
translated texts, made up dialogues, did a lot of ex, but best of all I
liked different tests, I was fond of grammar. But I was poor in chemistry.
I always failed to learn formulas and terms properly. I liked my class,
everybody was so friendly easy to get along with. I was on good terms with
my class maids and we often spend our free time together.
Much was done by people to reach the present state of human development. It
is necessary to say that great contribution to the development of the world
science and culture, literature, music and painting was made by the Russian
people. The names of Russian scientists and writers, poets, composers and
painters are world-famous-Pushkin, Lermontov, Chehov, Levitan. This chain
can be endless. It is almost impossible to name a branch of science in the
development of which the Russian scientists haven't played the greatest
role. Lomonosov, the founder of the Moscow University was an outstanding
innovator both in the humanities and sciences. Mendeleev's greatest
discovery was the Periodic System of Elements. Popov invented radio.
Sechenov and Pavlov were the world's greatest physiologists. Russia is
rightly called the mother of aviation and cosmounatics. Names of
Tsiolkovsky, Korolov and Gagarin are symbols of new space era. People in
many countries admire paintings, portraits and landscapes Surikov, Levitan,
Repin works of our Russian writes and poets are translated into many
languages. I want to tell about one of the greatest Russians. Pyotr Ilyich
Tchaikovsky, an outstanding Russian composer, was born in Votkinsk in 1840.
He was fond of music since his early childhood. His mother sang him
beautiful songs and taught him to play the piano. He graduated from the
Petersburg Conservatoire only in 1866 because of his poor living
conditions. He was the best pupil of Anton Rubinstein. Wen the Moscow
Conservatoire was founded Pyotr Ilyich became a professor there. He created
wonderful music: 10 operas, 3 ballets, 6 symphonies, 7 large symphonic
poems and many other musical pieces. , a new type of opera, was a great
success all over the world. Margaret Thatcher was the longest Prime
Minister of the 20th century. Her style and her views appealed to mane
British people who had lost confidence in the welfare state and in the
direction the nation had taken. In some ways she was the first genuine
leader the nation had had since Churchill. Margaret Thatcher began her
career in politics, when she became a Conservative Member of Parliament. in
1979 she was elected as Britain's first woman Prime Minister. From the
start, her autocratic style earned her the nickname of "The Iron Lady". Her
abrasive manner has attracted some criticism. During the Falklands War of
1982, however, Margaret Thatcher's militant patriotism found her many
supporters, and she became something of a popular hero-figure, much as
Winston Churchill had been in the Second World War. Margaret Thatcher was
re-elected Prime Minister in the general elections of 1983 and 1987. Andrew
Wyet is one of the prominent living American painters. He was born in 1917.
The son of illustrator – Andrew is the leading member of the dynasty of
painters that includes his sisters, their husbands and his own two sons. He
won fame at the age of 12 for his illustrations of "Robin Hood". He was 20
when he first exhibited his paintings. Andrew studied with his father and
was strongly influenced by him. His father's style of illustration
expresses sentimentality. But very early the young artist gravitated a way
from his teacher. Wyet's style is both precise and minute in detail, he is
a realist influenced by photography. He painted portraits, landscapes,
seascapes and domestic scenery. His favorite media are tempera and water
colors. His works are easily recognized by dimly lit and deserted
landscapes in tones of grey and brown which convey the feeling of
loveliness and solitude. His most famous works are "Christina's world" and
"Inland shell".
|Problems of Youth. The age between 14 & 17 is considered to be one of the
best periods in people’s life. Grown-ups remind it with excitement &
tenderness. But most teens wouldn’t agree with this opinion if they were
asked. Youth is the time when a person is trying to find his place in the
world. And during this search he or she comes across different problems
which are as important as those of the adults. The youth of the 21st
century face almost the same problems which were acute to their parents
when they were young. These problems are quite serious & they can’t be
considered trifles.
One of them is a generation gap. Every generation is unique in its
experience. It has its own ideals and a system of values concerning every
aspect of human life. Adults always complain that the young people do not
blindly accept the ideals of their parents. Different generations take
different directions. Grown-ups always teach the young how to live. But the
latter want to live their own life. And it generates the conflict of the
generations.
Drinking & taking drugs have become the most actual problems of the modern
society. As for drinking , teenagers don’t realize the harm it does to
their health , they just don’t want it to the privilege of grown-ups but
unlike grown-ups they are notable to drink responsibly . They really
believe that certain drinks will make them look like they’re accepted. So,
we can say that the low level of self-appraisal is the main reason of
drinking & drug problem.
In fact, teenagers have got a lot of work. They’re busy with their
studies, household chores, some of them have a paid job. But there’s no
time for fun & they want to be entertained at least sometimes. This
excessive work leads to an inner conflict which’s usually expressed in the
form of an open, direct protest against the world of grown-ups.
Our age – is time of making a choice what we will be in future, what we
want to do and how. So we have to choose the university to have better
education and future profession. If you have a good education you’ll be
always perfect at you profession and of course you’ll earn much money, make
your life better. And the best way to prepare is to study better at school.
The school ages are also very difficult. We do a lot of homework and even
have no time to go for a walk or do whatever we want.
And of course, communication can be one of the most important problems of
all young people of today. If you don’t like noisy clubs and other places
of entertainment, you can make friends without leaving your apartment. The
Internet gives such an opportunity. But the problem is that people can sit
at the displays for 24 hours without eating, sleeping, having a rest,
working or learning properly. I am sure, that it’s a great problem of the
present and future.
So as you see it’s very difficult to be young nowadays as indeed it
always was. But you only can be young ones and some wonderful things can
happen to you only when you’re young. So it’s better to enjoy youth while
it lasts.
Holidays. Every nation and every country has its own customs and
traditions. But there are also international holidays which are celebrated
in all countries world-wide. They are: Christmas, New Year, Easter and St.
Valentine's day. Christmas comes but once a year. Christmas is a
traditional family reunion day. On this day, many people attend a church
service, open their presents and eat a Christmas dinner. In Britain,
Christmas is the most important public holiday of the year. It combines the
custom of giving gifts with the tradition of spending this day with the
family. Every year a huge Christmas tree, the gift of the Norwegian people,
graces Trafalgar square. In Russia Christmas is celebrated on the 7th of
January. On this day people celebrate the birthday of Jesus Christ. New
Year is a public holiday but it is not marked with any particular custom in
Britain and America, yet it has a joyful celebration in Russia. People stay
awake until after midnight on December 31st to watch the Old Year out and
the New Year in. Many parties are given on this night. Theatres, night
clubs and streets are crowded. Easter is one of the most important
Christian holiday. It is traditionally associated with Easter eggs and with
the coming of spring, and most churches are specially decorated with
flowers for the service held on Easter Day. There are also some special
holidays which are usually celebrated in a particular country. Let's start
with the traditional British holiday Pancake day. But people don't only eat
pancakes on this day, they run with them. In many towns in England pancake
races are held every year. These races are run by housewives. The most
American holiday is Thanksgiving day. It was first celebrated in early
colonial times by Pilgrim Fathers after their first good harvest.
Thanksgiving is a day when the family eats a large traditional dinner,
usually with turkey and pumpkin pie. In Russia we celebrate Women's day on
the 8th of March. On this day men are supposed to do everything about the
house and cook all the meals. I think it is very important to follow
special traditions, because they untie people. n Britain traditions play
more important part in the life of the people than in some other countries.
English are proud of their traditions and carefully keep them up. There is
a big difference of people between America and Britain. An Englishman in
America is respected, Americans love his accent and his country. An
American in England is thought to be a little strange because of his
behavior and his language. To the English their private lives are
important, their holidays are important, their garden are important, their
animals are important. For American the work is the most important thing in
life. And in England you can hear the most extraordinary excuse not to go
to work, for example "My dog's got a cold". In English houses the fire-
place has always been the centre of interest in a room. For many months of
the year people like to sit round the fire and watch the dancing flames.
Above the fire there is usually a shelf with a clock and some photos. The
English are a nation of stay-at-homes. There is no place like home. The
Englishman is never tired to say "My house is my castle". The Americans are
different. I think they are more open, they speak their minds, so if they
don't like something, they actually tell it directly. Not like the British,
who might think one thing and say another. Americans start conversations
with people in the street, in the subway; they are more enthusiastic.
American customs underline independence and freedom of the nation. Russia
is the country of the dramatic beauty. To my mind, the main traits of the
real Russia character are hospitality, "open heart", "golden hands", wise
Russian fairytales reflect their wisdom. The Russians are a very talented
nation. Russia gave the world beautiful names of Pushkin and Lermontov,
Tchaikovsky and Repin, thousands of names of world famous poets, writers,
composers, scientists. Every country is also known for its food. England is
noted for its pudding, bacon, marmalade, porridge and five-o'clock-tea.
America is the country of Coca-Cola, hamburgers and chewing gum.
Traditional Russian cooking is worldfamous for such dishes as okroshka,…
|Sports. Sport is probably as old as the humanity itself. It has been
developing with the development and growth of the mankind people all over
the world. If you want to feel fit you'd better go in for one kind of sport
or another. I should admit that everyone must do all he can to be healthy.
Good health is better than the best medicine, as the old Latin proverb
says. All kinds of physical exercises are very useful to make our bodies
strong and to keep ourselves fit and healthy.
Sport not only helps people to become strong and to develop physically but
also makes them more organized and better disciplined in their daily
activities. It makes for a healthy mind in a healthy body sport helps
people to keep in good health. We all need to exercise. Even if you don’t
plan to make a career in sport you still have to practice. Regular
exercises give you more energy. That is why many people who suffer from
general tiredness should take more exercise than more rest. Exercise makes
you feel and look better. The best exercise is one, which is involved, in
repeated movements: walking, jogging, and swimming. Bending and stretching
will add flexibility and feeling of lightness.
As for me I try to take all these things into consideration and as a
result of it I go in dancing studio, play badminton and sometimes
volleyball, ride bicycle and swim. I think that dancing is better than
sport if you just want to keep feet, but not make a sport career. Because
sometimes sport is dangerous if you don’t know how to do exercises
properly. For example, if you run too much your calves can become too big
or you even can get injury. So you better go to a sport clubs where
experienced instructor will help you to achieve good results.
I like to dance very much and I think it’s a best way to be healthy and to
keep feet for girls. Because dancing develops all groups of muscles and
helps to keep good deportment. Besides it makes one feel confident and
helps to overcome shyness. So I am in good form and hope to be in future.
My favourite holiday. Many great holidays and anniversaries are celebrated
in our country. On the 1st of May there is May Day — the holiday of spring
and labour. On the 8th of March there is Women's Day — the holiday of all
women and girls. We celebrate Day of Independence of Russia on the 12th
June and Day of Russian Constitution on the 12th of December. Now people
celebrate some religious holidays such as Christmas and Easter. But my
favourite holiday is New Year's Day, of course. It is a really wonderful
holiday. People get ready for this holiday long before it. They buy New
Year trees and decorate them. Every year a fairy-tale comes to every house
and every family on New Year's Eve. Children and even grown-ups wait for
this day because they believe that all their wishes and desires come true
and different wonderful miracles happen on that day.
On New Year’s Eve people get together to see “the old year out and the new
year in”. They eat tasty food, drink champagne, dance and have a good time
together. They wish each other happiness and good luck in the new year and
put the presents under the New Year tree. Children like this holiday very
much. They wait for New Year presents, which, they believe, Father Frost
brings to them. Everybody is merry on that day and wishes the next year to
be good and happy and all one's troubles and disappointments to remain in
the past.
Great Britain is situated on the British Isles. It consists of England,
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and is one thirtieth the size of
Europe. Great Britain is surrounded by seas on all sides and is separated
from the continent by the North Sea and the English Channel.
There are many rivers in Britain. They are not long but some of them are
deep. The longest river is the Severn. There are many mountains in the
north of England and in Scotland but they are not very high. The highest
mountain in Great Britain is Ben Nevis. There are many lakes in Scotland.
The most beautiful is Loch Lomond.
Great Britain has a very good position as it lies on the crossways of the
sea routes from Europe to the other parts of the world. There are many
countries which are connected with Great Britain by sea. Thanks to Gulf
Stream the climate of Great Britain is mild. It is often foggy and rainy.
The summer is not very hot and the winter is not very cold.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It lives by
manufacture and trade. Its agriculture provides only half the food it
needs, the other half of its food has to be imported. Britain is one of the
most highly industrialised countries in the world: for every person
employed in agriculture, eleven are employed in mining, manufacturing and
building. The main branches of British economy are engineering, mining,
ship-building, motor vehicle manufacturing, textile, chemistry,
electronics, fishing and food processing. The industrial centres of Great
Britain are London, Manchester, Eirmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield and
others.
The United States of America is another important English-speaking country.
It consists of fifty different states and the District of Columbia joined
together under one government.
The USA covers an area of almost 9400000 square kilometres and is twice as
large as all the countries of Europe combined. It is placed in the middle
of the North American continent and is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the
east and the Pacific Ocean in the west. Placed between two oceans, the USA
has a free access to the trade routes of the world.
On the whole the USA has a continental climate. It is at the same time one
of the coldest and one of the hottest countries, one of the wettest and one
on the driest.
The flag of the United States is called “Stars and Stripes”. The 50 stars
represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent 13 original English
colonies, which in 1776 became free and independent of England.
The USA is governed by Congress and by the President. Congress consists of
the Senate (100 senators — 2 from each state) and the House of
Representatives (435 Congressmen). The President, who is also the head of
the government and the commander-in-chief of all the armed forces, is
elected every four years.
The capital of the United States is Washington. It is situated on the
Potomac River not far from the Atlantic coast. Washington is not a very
large city. Such cities as New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco,
Houston, Dallas, Philadelphia, Detroit, New Orleans and some others are
larger.
The USA is one of the most developed countries in the world. It is a
country of great contrasts. There are a lot of unsolved problems in the
country such as unemployment and inflation, but nevertheless it is one of
the greatest countries in the world.
|Protection of Environment. It is a small world we live in, and it is high
time for all of us to realize it. Since ancient times people have been
trying to produce more and more to increase human wealth. Nobody noticed
that we were destroying Nature by using it as the source of raw materials,
and as the garbage can for our waste. Nature seemed to be boundless and
endless... Far from it as it turned out. Millions of cars and smoky
factories pollute and spoil the air we breathe in. Pollution is hanging
over big cities like an ugly brown cloud. It is hurting our lungs as well
as the life of animals, birds and plants. People need wood and paper, so we
cut down our forests. We don't know what to do with waste materials of our
industry, so we pour them into water, bury them into soil, and shoot them
into atmosphere. We pollute the water we drink, and the land we live in.
People build nuclear power stations and carry out nuclear tests. As a
result, radiation represents one of the main problems nowadays. The rapid
growth of population in the world may turn into another grave problem very
soon. The speed, with which we are using up our non-renewable resources
like oil and gas, is appalling. With the development of our civilization we
have become dangerous to the planet and to ourselves. What must we do not
to find ourselves in a dirty desert in the near future? This question
cannot be ignored. Some scientists are pessimistic about our problems. They
suppose that we have already reached the point of no return. Others are
more optimistic and believe that our ecological problems are solvable
because more and more people begin to understand how dangerous they are.
There is increasing awareness of people of the real state of the planet. In
many countries environmental protection agencies and research centers are
set up. Such organizations as "Green Peace" and "Friends of the Earth" try
to put pressure upon those governments that do not care for ecology in
their countries. The humankind will be able to survive only if we all
understand that environmental protection is our universal concern.
Mass media. The most popular sources of entertainment and information are
the press, radio, tv, and movies. The press plays an important part in the
life of society. Millions of Americans in their free time read newspapers.
The English word ‘newspaper’ does not really describe everything that you
can read in this kind of publication. Newspapers include not only stories
about recent events (news), but opinions, advertising, and other non-news
items. The first American newspaper was called Public Occurrences Both
Foreign and Domestic. This paper was first published in Boston in 1690. Now
there are about 2,600 newspapers published in the USA. The New York Times,
the Washington Post, and the Los Angeles Times are three of the most
important daily papers that describe foreign and domestic news. The radio
does not interfere with your activities. You can listen to the radio while
doing some work about the house, reading a book or driving a car. On the
radio one can hear music, plays, news, and different commentary and
discussions called ‘forums’. At a forum several authorities exchange views
on social, economic and political problems. A peculiar feature of the
American radio is soap opera. It is a sentimental serial drama that
describes domestic problems and which is for housewives. Soap opera is
usually broadcast every day. Most people find soap opera boring. There ate
a lot of games on the radio. They are called ‘panel games’. Radio brings
also cultural and educational programs. Many programs are made up of
classical music. Television is a ‘chewing gum for ears and eyes’. There are
many serials on TV in the USA. They appeared in the 1950s. TV games-
attract a large audience, too. During TV quiz programs TV viewers answer
different questions. There is a lot of education on television. For
example, you can take a TV course in history, political economy,
management, banking and in many other subjects, or learn a foreign language
by TV. Educational TV films and programs are shown in schools and colleges
as a part of the curriculum.
Moscow is the capital of Russia. It is one of the biggest and most
beautiful cities in the world. Moscow is a modern city now. The population
of the city is about 9.8 million people. Moscow is a political centre,
where the government of our country works. Moscow was founded in 1147 by
Yuri Dolgoruky. The total area of Moscow is about nine hundred square
kilometres. We say that Moscow is a port of five seas, as the Moscow—Volga
Canal links Moscow with the Baltic, White, Caspian and Black seas and the
Sea of Azov. Moscow is an industrial centre too. There are many factories
and plants in it. One of the best-known plants produces many lorries, and
the other one produces cars. The Bolshoi Theatre is one of the famous
theatres all over the world. If you are fond of painting you can go to the
Tretyakov Art Gallery or to the Pushkin Fine Arts Museum and see a lot of
interesting portraits and landscapes there. We say that the Tretyakov Art
Gallery is a treasure-house of Russian art. Young people like to visit the
Central Military Museum. There are many tanks, guns and war documents
there. One can see the Kremlin and Red Square in the city. There are many
fine buildings, wide streets, green parks, large squares, churches and
monuments in Moscow. It is necessary to mention such famous monuments as
monuments to the great Russian writer Alexander Pushkin and to the first
Russian printer Ivan Fedorov. Visiting the capital a lot of foreigners from
all over the world come to see these monuments. One of the highest
buildings in Moscow is the State Moscow University. It was founded in 1755
by the great scientist Mikhail Lomonosov. Transport. Moscow is a very big
city, and its transport must be comfortable and fast. One can see a lot of
cars, buses, trolley-buses, trams in the streets of our city. The Moscow
metro began its work on the 15th of May, 1935. There were 13 stations at
that time. Now it has 190 stations. Our metro is a beautiful and convenient
one. There are nine railway stations in Moscow and five airports around the
city. There are many stadiums in Moscow. The Central Stadium is in
Luzhniki. Many competitions and football matches are held there. The
Olympic village was built for the 22nd Olympic Games in Moscow in 1980. It
is a big complex for sport games. I live in Moscow and I am proud of this
city.
The vast territory of Russia lies in the Eastern part of Europe and in the
northern part of Asia. In area, it is one of the largest countries in the
world. Airlines service many cities throughout the country. A flight from
Moscow to Magadan takes eight hours. Russia is washed by twelwe seas and
three oceans. The oceans are: tha Atlantic, the Arctic, the Pacific. The
northern and eastern coasts of Russia are washed by the White Sea, the
Barents Sea and by the Okhotsk Sea. The land of Russia waries a lot from
heavy forests to barren deserts, from high peaked mountains to deep
valleys. Russia is located on two plains. They are: the Great Russian Plain
and the West Siberian Plain. There are three main mountain chains in
Russia. The Urals, the longest mountain chain, separates Europe from Asia.
There are various types of climate on the territory of Russia. But the
temperate zone with four distinct seasons prevails. Russia is a land of
long rivers and deep lakes. The broad Volga River system has a great
historic, economic and cultural importance to Russia. It became the cradle
of such ancient towns as Vladimir, Tver, Yaroslavl, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod.
Numerous canals join all the rivers in the European part of Russia, making
it the largest inland water transportation route in Europe. The Volga River
runs into the Caspian Sea, which is in reality, the largest lake in the
world. The Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. The European part of
Russia is densely populated. There are a lot of cities, towns and villages
there. Russia is rich in natural resources. It has deposits of coal, oil,
natural gas, iron ore, gold, nickel, etc. Russia borders on fourteen
countries, including the former Republics of the USSR, which are now
independent states. The history of Russia dates back to the year 862. Now
Russia is a Presidental Republic. Russia has always played an important
role in the world. It is one of its leading Powers.
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Реферат на тему: Шпоры для экзамена по англ. яз.
Sanct-Peterburg
St-PB is the second largest city in Russia. Its population is about five
million people. The city is situated on the east shorn of the golf of
Finland of the Baltic Sea. St-PB stands on the river Neva in its delta. The
river is seventeen four kilometers long. It is the main waterway of the
city. Many centuries ago these lands belong to Novgorod principality, but
it the 17-century they were sired by Sweden. When Peter the first came to
Russian troun he launched the war against Sweden. This war lasted for 21
years. And known as a north war. After one of the important battles Peter
the first ordered to put up the fortress to protect these lands. It was
built on the Heir Island and known as Peter and Paul fortress. Soon Peter
the first decided build a new big city here. He invited famous
architectures to build the city. Now it is one of most big cities in the
world. It is famous for its famous museums, parks and cathedrals.
Shopping
Shopping Shopping has common elements wherewer it takes place. Abuyer looks
for a seller who is
Offering something the buyer wants or needs at a price the buyer can afford
to pay. Sellers often advertise their wares in newspapers, radio,
TV.Sellers usually use a varity of tactics to induce buyers to purchase
from them at a price whitch leaves some profit. Shopping is a part of our
life. There are people who hate going shopping, So they make a list of what
they needed things. And there are people who go from shop to shop looking
for goods of better quality and lower price. They don’t worry about the
time they spend shopping. But there is a very good service called Postal
Market. It helps you to save your time and get goods of high quality.
Sport.
Sport is very important part of our life in GB. Thousand of people play
outdoor and indoor; such as boxing, football, cricket. There are many team
games in GB such as cricking and hockey. There are different of football
for example: rugby whitch oppered 1859 at rugby school. The players have
the oval ball in their hands. Another kind of football is soccer. Soccer
watches big crowds. There is another game in GB whitch is known as cricket.
It is often could an English national game. There is a fact that they play
cricket since 16 centure. This game often play at school and univercities
and all towns and willages have there cricket teams. Swiming is also
popular in GB. Many children learn to swim at schools or during their
holidays at seaside. There are also indoor swiming pools whitch makes
swiming posible all the round. Swiming championships are often reported in
the press , over the radio, and on the television.
MOSCOW
Moscow is one of the oldest cities in Russia. Many centures ago it was a
village and in the 15 century it became the capital of Russia. A Kremlin
was built for russian czars. Since the16 century the city grow and it was
surrounded by a big wall of red stones. But in the 18 century the capital
of Russia was St-Pb and all the czars move to the Winter Palace. In 1918
Moscow again became the capital of Russia. This time the city was very big.
There were a lot of the new streets, squares, blockhouses and cathedrals.
In 1935 the first metro was built in Moscow. The heart of M is Red Square.
There are a lot of people there. They come to see Kremlin, Musoleum and the
eternal 5 of the unknown soldier. The city has nearly 60 museums. The most
famous is a Tretyakovskaya Gallery. The emblem of Moscow you can see on one
of the walls of the Gallery. It is George the Winner slaying the dragon.
The Gallery was opened in in 1892 by Tretyakov. He was the richest merchant
of Moscow and his dream was to open public museum. He began to collect his
collection since 1856. And in the 1892 there were 2000 pictures. Now we can
see there 55000 pictures. Among them we can see pictures of Rublev,
Repin,Serov,Petrov-Vodkin and others.
SEASONS
There are four seasons in the year. They are: winter,spring,summer and
autum. The most longest and the coldest is the winter. Our country is
situated in the north. So, there are a lot of snow in winter. The weather
is cold, the sky is dark and cold wind is blowing. But we have a lot of fun
in winter, because we can sky, play snowbals. Then the next season is
spring. The sun is shining, the birds are singing, the grass become green,
the sky is blue and the weather is warm. Then comes summer. Everything is
green, there are a lot of flowers, mushrooms, and berries. All of us have
summer holidays. They are lasting 3 month. We like summer because we can
swim,bernt, and spend a lot of times out doors. Then comes autum. It is
time to go to school. The weather became again cold, there is much rains,
the leafs are fall down and soon the winter comes again.
HOLIDAYS
There are a lot of holidays and all of us like them. We live in Russia and
it is a country whitch is famous for its holidays. We like to celebrate
them. The most favorite holiday in our country is New Year. We celebrate
it on the 31th of december. All school children have holidays and they like
this holiday very much. We always buy a New Year three and decorate it with
bright balls and different toys. In the evening we always cook tosty
things. New Year is the largest holiday in the winter. Then come spring
with its holidays. They are the 8th of March, it is known as women day.
Then comes the day of victory,whitch is on the 9th of May. It is holiday
for our grandpaents and also it is a national holiday to all Russian
people. We live in St-Pb and 27th of May we celebrate its birthday. All
streets and squares are decorated with flags and lights and we can see a
bright color solute in the evening.
EDUCATION
Education is very important thing in our life. Some people think that an
educated person must know a lot of things. But some people think that it is
better to know a little about a lot. Our parents afraid that bad education
may spoil our chance in future. You must know a lot about your future
profession. At first all children go to the kindergarden. Then at the age
of 6 or 7 the go to shcool. They study maths, literature,history,foreign
languages and other subjects. They finish school at 16 or 17. After school
we can go special colleges, where we study for two or three years. And also
we can go to high schools and univercities. We study there for 5 years and
get high education there.
USA
After 350 years of development the US of A still holds the leading position
in the western world. The USA is the most powerful and highly developed
country in the world. The USA are situated in central part of North
American continent. Its western coast is washed by the Pacific Ocean. Its
eastern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico.
The USA consists of 3 separate parts. They are the Hawaian Islands, Alaska
and the mayor part of the USA. There are 50 states and district of
Columbia. The states differ very much in size, population and economical
development. The population of the USA is about 250 million people.What
makes the USA the leader of the western world is its economical, political
and
military dominance over other countries. The US is a federal republic. The
flag of USA is called “Stars and Stripes”. The 50 stars-white on a blue
field represent the 50 states, 18 stripes represent13 original English
colonies, whitch in 1776 became independed of England. The capital of the
US is Washington. It was named in honor of the first president whose name
was George Washington. The biggest cities of the USA are New York, San
Francisco, Los Angeles,Chicago and others.
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