|
Реферат: London (Иностранные языки)
London
London is one of the largest cities in the world. More then 10mln
people live in London and its suburbs. London is a city of striking
contrasts. Here one can come across the past and the present, the old and
the modern, live side by side in mutual tolerance and respect.
In London, one can see architecture of different centuries and styles.
It is inseparably connected with the history of the city. The Romans, the
Saxons and the Danes settled here in turn, after them came the Normans, and
brought the French civilisation. London survived the Plague and the Great
Fire, which followed in 1666. During the Fire all wooden houses were
smashed to the ground and a New London, London of stone with bigger houses
and wider streets was built. During the World War II, many buildings of
great historic value lay in ruins and today the face of London is changed.
Traditionally London is divided into several parts: the City,
Westminster, the West End and the East End.
The city first started in the place, which is known as the City. It is
the Heart of London, it’s commercial and business centre. It occupies a
territory of a square mile. During a day, it is full of people, nearly half
a million people work there.
The West End is the richest part of the city with its beautiful
avenues, parks and gardens, grandhotels, theatres and fashionable shops. It
is a symbol of wealth and luxury.
While the City is the money of London and the West End is the good of
London, the East End is the hands of London, that built the banks of the
City and beautiful mansions and hotels of the West End. It is a district,
inhabited by the workers. There are many factories and the Port of London
there.
As for me, I cannot imagine London without Thames. In fact, painters
and writers regard the river as the source of inspiration. Turner, Monet,
Canatello painted it countless times and their impression of the river in
all seasons can be seen on the walls of museums, throughout the world.
Pope, Spensor and many other poets sang it in their poems. The most famous
books about the Thames are ‘Three men in a boat’ by Jerome-k-Jerome and
‘The wind in the willows’ by K. Graham. If there had been no Thames, there
would be no London. It was born many centuries ago in the place, which is
known as the City. The City is not only the centre of business. It’s the
burth place of London. London was born in the place not far from St. Paul’s
cathedral hundreds of years before our era. It was called Lynn-din (the
lonely port) at that time. After the Norman Conquest, it became Londinium.
If you want to get some glimpses of London, you’d better start
sightseeing with the Tower of London, that comes first among the historic
buildings of the city. It was built as the fortress after the Norman
invasion of England in 1066. It has been used as the Royal Palace, as an
observatory, an arsenal and a prison. For many visitors the principal
attraction is the Crown Jewels, the finest precious stones of the nation.
A twenty minutes’ walk from the Tower will take you to another historic
building – St. Paul’s Cathedral, the greatest of English churches. It was
built by a famous English architect Sir Christopher Wren. St. Paul’s
Cathedral, with it’s famous Whispering Gallery, is considered to be a
masterpiece of Renaissance architecture. In one of its towers hangs one of
the largest bells in the world – Great Paul.
Not far from Cathedral is Westminster Abbey. It was founded by Edward
the Confessor in 1050. The best part of the Abbey is a wonderful chapel,
dating back to the 16th century. It is famous for its magnificent
architecture. There are many monuments and statues there. Many English
kings and queens are buried there. Since William the 1st, almost ever
monarch has been crowned in this great church. One of the greatest
treasures of the Abbey is oaken Coronation Chair made in 1300. On the south
side of Westminster Abbey is Poet’s Corner, where the greatest English
writers are buried. Here also are memorials to Shakespeare, Burns, Byron,
Scott and so on.
Across the road from Westminster Abbey is Westminster Palace, which is
spread magnificently on the north bank of the Thames. It is a remarkable
example of Gothic architecture.
Реферат на тему: London
LONDON
As well as being the capital of England, London is the capital of the
United Kingdom. It is one of the greatest, most colourful and interesting
cities of the world, and it tops the list of the cities I would like to
visit. I know a lot about it - I have studied its map, seen a lot of
postcards, talked to people who have been there. Sometimes I close my eyes
and imagine I walk down Piccadilly, Regent or Oxford Street, cross the
Thames by London or Tower Bridge, or knock on the door of Number 10,
Downing Street, just to say “Hi!” to Tony Blair.
London is a city which was never planned. It has accumulated. So, it
includes the City of London, the West End and the East End. The city is
really large – more than 8 million people live in so-called Greater London
– that is, London and its suburbs. It stands on the both sides of the river
Thames and 14 bridges span the river. The Thames, described variously as
“liquid history” and the “noblest river in Europe” is graced in London with
a score of bridges, tunnels and a barrier, but until 1750, when the first
Westminster Bridge opened, London Bridge was the one and the only. The
first one built in stone from 1176 to 1209 became renowned throughout
Europe for its houses and a chapel dedicated to St Thomas of Canterbury.
Several of London bridges have special features – Hammersmith Bridge has
ornamental metal work and Vauxhall has larger than life bronze figures
representing pottery, engineering, architecture, agriculture, science, fine
arts, local government and education. Among the boats which ply the river,
few attract more attention than the Oxford and Cambridge University Boat
Race.
London was founded by the Romans in 43 A. D. and was called Londinium.
In 61 A. D. the town was burned down and when it was rebuilt by the Romans
it was surrounded by a wall. That area within the wall is now called the
City of London. It is a financial and business center of the country. The
Stock Exchange, the Bank of England, offices of major banks and companies
are all there. People only come to the City to work, nobody lives there,
and at night it becomes deserted.
Here is situated the Tower of London. The Tower was built by William
the Conqueror who conquered England in 1066. The Tower of London has been
“fortress, palace, home of the Crown Jewels and national treasures,
arsenal, mint, prison, observatory, zoo and tourist attraction”, wrote the
Duke of Edinburgh in a book celebrating the Tower’s 900th anniversary. It
is interesting to mention the tradition connected with the history of
Tower. The royal menagerie departed to the Zoo in 1834, leaving only the
ravens behind. Tradition says that if the ravens leave, the Tower and the
country will fall. So Beefeaters – Warders of the Tower - give ravens meat
every night.
The finest part of London is the West End with long streets of fine
shops, theaters, picture gallery. Soho, the home of strip-tease, the cinema
industry and international haute cuisine, is on the edge of theatreland,
rich in history and rich in cultural mix. The name Soho probably came from
the ancient hunting cry – So – Ho – in its farmland days. By the 19th
century it must have seemed a strange area, described by John Galsworthy in
the Forsyte Saga as “Untidy, full of Greeks, Ishmaelites, cats, Italians,
tomatoes, restaurants, organs, coloured stuffs, queer names, people looking
out of out windows, it dwells remote from the British Body Politic”. Today
there is a complete China Town and Restaurants serve haute cuisine from
scores of countries.
There are beautiful parks in the West End, such as St James’s Park,
Green Park, Kensington Gardens, and Hyde Park with its Speaker’s Corner
there you can go up on a platform and speak freely on the topic that you
find vital. The Royal Parks are central London‘s lungs. Bands play beside
lakes, parks have cafes and art galleries.
The Houses of Parliament with its Big Ben, the chimes of which are
heard throughout the world on the BBC World Service are also in the West
End. Big Ben, the voice of London, has been telling the time to the second
since 1859. Construction of the 320 foot clock tower began in the year
Queen Victoria came to the throne, 1837, as part of the reconstruction of
the Houses of Parliament. The Great Bell cracked, was recast and cracked
again, given us the famous resonating boom. Why Big Ben? There are two
answers – either can be chosen. It could have been named after Sir Benjamin
Hall, chief commissioner of works at that time. Or, perhaps, it was named
by workmen – Benjamin Caunt – who brought the bell from Whitechapel Foundry
on a cart pulled by 16 white horses. The Palace of Westminster – among the
world’s most famous buildings – houses the British Parliament: the House of
Lords and the House of Commons. The first palace was built for Edward the
Confessor, who came to the throne in 1042. Every British citizen has the
traditional right to ask to see his or her Member of Parliament, and they
meet in the highly decorative Central Lobby. When Parliament is sitting, it
is possible to hear debates from the Strangers’ Galleries. Even the Queen
is subject to restrictions. For the State Opening of Parliament she has to
sit enthroned in the Lords – a custom which goes back to the era of Charles
I. For relaxation, the Members of Parliament have reception rooms which
lead onto the riverside terrace. In gardens across the road is the Jewel
Tower. Among moderns sculptures to have been placed in the vicinity is the
statue of Sir Winston Churchill, with his larger-than-life size sculpture
raised on a plinth.
White Hall and Downing Street are also in the West End. White Hall
is a street where most government offices are situated, and I have already
mentioned that No. 10, Downing Street is the official residence of the
British Prime Ministers for more than 250 years. The famous cul-de-sac of
Downing Street was created by Sir George Downing, member of Parliament,
around 1680. Number 10 is one of the original Downing Street houses to
survive. No 10, with the most photographed door in the world, is guarded
outside by a single policeman. By the way the nick-name of British
policemen are “bobbies”, because of Sir Robert Peel, who formed the police
force.
The Queen, when she is in London, lives in Buckingham Palace.
Buckingham Palace facing the white marble and gilded Queen Victoria
memorial, flies the royal standard when the Queen is in residence. Today
the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh have private suites in the North Wing,
overlooking Green Park. Their home is open to around 30.000 guests in
summer, attending garden parties. The entry costs around 20 pounds a
person. The gardens have a lake, cascading water and the wild life include
flamingoes. From the Palace the Queen leaves on ceremonial duties such as
the State Opening of Parliament in early winter and Trooping the colour to
mark her official birthday in June.
The architecture of London is very impressive. There is St. Paul’s
Cathedral, for example, where a lot of famous people were buried. The
National and Tate Galleries contain many masterpieces of art.
Westminster Abbey has been the setting for every monarch’s coronation,
beginning with Edward the Confessor, a saintly man who came to the throne
in 1040. The Abbey presents a pageant of noble, military, political and
artistic history. It has the graves of queens and kings, of poets,
politicians and churchmen. And the High Altar still contains the body of
Edward the Confessor, the Abbey’s founder.
Westminster Cathedral is the leading Roman Catholic Church in England.
It was built half a mile from the Abbey. The single bell in the 280 foot
high campanile is dedicated (like the Chapel in the Abbey) to Edward the
Confessor. This gift from Gwendolen, Duchess of Norfolk, is inscribed “St
Edward, pray for England”.
The East End is something quite different. It is the industrial part
of London. There are factories and docks there, and blocks of flats where
working people live. They form quite a contrast to what we can see in the
West End.
Conclusion
“When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: for there is in
London all that life can afford” -, wrote Samuel Johnson in 1777.
Naturally, London is a cultural, scientific, and industrial center of the
country, and it means that a lot of interesting things are taking place
there all the time.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction.
2. Main part.
1. The River.
2. The City of London.
3. The West End.
4. The East End.
3. Conclusion.
4. Bibliography.
Bibliography.
1. Е. Л. Занина. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. – М. Рольф, 1997.
2. Каверина В., Бойко В., Жидких Н. 100 тем английского устного. – М. БАО
Пресс. 2002.
3. Васильев К. Б. Pilot One. Справочное пособие по английскому языку. СПб.
Тригон. 1998.
4. London. 161 colour plates – map of the city centre. Thomas Benacci LTD.
London. 1997.
| |
