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Иностранные языки / Реферат: "Career in hotel industry" (Иностранные языки)

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Реферат: "Career in hotel industry" (Иностранные языки)




Министерство образования Российской Федерации

Южный институт менеджмента



Кафедра иностранных языков



Реферат


На тему: How to make career in hotel industry.



МГТБ
Выполнила студентка, 2 курс
Гр.01-МТ1
Косова Тамара



Руководитель: Хохлова Лариса

Николаевна



Краснодар 2003


Plan



Introduction


I. The hotel complex as an object of the management
1. The main services of the hotel.
2. Classification of the hotels.
3. The peculiarites of the hotel service.

II. The structure of the management in the lodging industry.

III. The main methods of the management of the hospitality business.


IV. The manager’s role in the lodging industry. Manager’s functions and
operations.

V. Decision-making – key of manager career.


VI. The role of the communication in the manager’s career.

VII. The management of time.


VIII. Where one can begin the manager’s career.

IX. Conclusion.

I. Our society is made up of all kinds of organizations, such as
companies, government, departments, unions, hospitals, schools and the
like. They are essential to our existence, helping to create our standard
of living and our quality of life. In all these organizations, there are
people carrying out the work of a manager. The role of the manager is
particularly significant in such social sphere as the lodging industry.


The lodging industry is the most important element of the social
sphere. It plays the leading part in the increase of the public production
and accordingly in the uplifting of living standards.


II. One can designate the hotel as an enterprise rendering service to
the people, which are out of doors. The service of the placing and the
nourishment is the leading one at the hotel.

1) The hotel apartments are the basic element of the placing service.
They are intended for the rest, sleeping and work of the guests. In
additional the placing service includes the service, which is done by the
personal of the hotel. These are reception and official registration of the
guests, cleaning the rooms and others.
The nourishment consists of different processes:
. process of production (preparation of dishes),
. trade process (sale of the food products),
. service process (service of the guests by the waiters at the
restaurant, in the rooms).
The additional service includes swimming-pools, conference halls, hair-
dresser’s, massage-room and many other things. The hotel is distinguished
by the additional service among other hotels.
Therefore this service is very important by the forming of the
attractiveness of the hotel.
Among the main services of the hotel one can also distinguish the
reserving the place, the facilities, the receiving and the service of the
exploitation of the apartment fund.
2) The service of the nourishment, the placing service and the
additional service are formed different at the hotels. And so one can
designate several types of the hotels.
The first class hotels are usually situated in the center of the
city. The skilled staff ensures the high level of the service. The clients
of this kind of the hotel are businessmen, participants of the conferences
and other rich men.
The health-resort hotel is situated in the health-resort country. It
includes the medical service and the dietary nourishment.
The motel is located near the motor roads and in the suburbs. The
clients of the motel are tourists, particularly motor tourers.
The middle class hotels render the broad service. The prizes depend on
the situation of the hotel. The leading types of the hotels are the
business and health-resort ones, because 50% of the journeys are made with
business purpose, and holiday are treatment purpose determines 40% of the
journeys.
The hotels are classified by the level of the comfort, the capacity
of the hotel, the purpose of the hotel, the situation of the hotel, the
duration of the work, the providing with the nourishment, the duration of
the stay at the hotel, the level of the prices.
3) The peculiarities of the hotel service are:
1) The processes of the production and the consumption are not
synchronous. This means that several kinds of service do not connect
with the presence of the client (cleaning the rooms).
2) Limited possibility of the keeping.
3) Urgency of the service. The problem concerning the service must be
solved very quickly. The urgency and the situation of the hotel are
the most important factors by the choice of the hotel.
4) The broad participation of the staff in the production process.
Personal service cannot be mechanized or automated. Some technologies
are being instituted to speed up routine tasks, but the human element
is the determining one of the hospitality business. Therefore the
problem of the standardization is significant in the lodging industry.
The standards of the service are worked out at many hotels. They are
the rules of the service, which guarantee the level of quality of all
operations. These are the time of the official registration, the
knowledge of foreign languages and the out-word appearance of the
personal. The work at the hotel brings the employee into contact with
people from all walks of life. Guests will include the wealthy and the
poor, engaging and obnoxious. Each guest offers the employee an
opportunity learns more about human nature. Employees not only have
direct responsibility for guest service, the also have the benefit of
witnessing the guest’s satisfaction. The managers generally need more
hands-on experience before assuming managerial positions. The skills
of understanding, motivation and directing people can best be
developed through experience.
5) Seasonal demand for the hotel service. It has an influence on the
loading of the hotel.
6) Interdependency between the hotel service and the purpose of the
traveling.
III. The structure of the management in the lodging industry
consists of administrative secnating.
In the lodging industry there are three types of the structure:
1) Lineal structure. Every section has the manager who is
responcible for the activities of this section. This manager submits to
the higher manager. The advantages of this structure are the clear
responsibility, the simplicity of the management. But the manager must be
very skilled to manage all processes. Besides that there are too many
contacts with the subordinamper the work of the manager.
2) The functional structure. The main idea is that the specialists
perform the separate functions and they are united in departments. The
advantages of the functional structure are the high competence of the
specialists, standardization and the programming of the processes. The
main problem of this structure is the excessive centralization.
3) Lineal-functional. It includes the special sections by the
lineal managers. Among the advantages one can account the co-operation of
the experts and the better preparation of the decisions and plans. The
defects of this structure are the unclear responsibility and the absence
of the connections between departments.
In addition to the usual management positions, multi-unit
companies may have area, district, and regional and/or corporate-level
management. There may be several separate departments operating at a
hotel, requiring frequent communication among staff members to co-
ordinate their activities.
The administrative structure of the hotel depends on its purpose,
capacity and the specific character of the guests.
IV. Among the main methods of the management in the lodging
industry we can number economic, administrative and social psychological
methods.
The leading idea of the economic method is to make such kind of the
conditions to the staff, in which it can take into account at most the
consequences of its administrative and production activities.
The administrative method is based on the directive instructions.
The main purpose of the social-psychological method is the forming of the
positive climate in the collective. The success of the activities of the
manager depends in the main on his ability to work with people and on
right using all these methods.
V. A French industrialist, Henri Fayol, wrote in 1916 a classic
definition of the manager’s role. He said that to manage is “to forecast
and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control.” This
definition is still accepted by many people today, though some writers on
management have modified Fayol’s description. Instead of talking about
“command”, they say a manager must “motivate” or “direct” and “lead”
other workers.
Henri Fayol’s definition of a manager’s functions is useful.
However, in most companies, the activities of a manager depend on the
level at which he/she is working. Top managers, such as directors, will
be more involved in long planning, policy making and the relations of the
company. These strategy decisions are part of the planning function
mentioned by Fayol.
One the other hand, middle management is help an organization to
run efficiently. It is urgent order or sorting out a technical problem.
Managers at this level spend a great deal of time communicating,
coordinating and making decisions affecting the daily operation of their
organization.
Managers in the lodging industry perform five basic operations.
. Firstly, managers set objectives. They decide what these
should be and how the organization can achieve them. For this
task they need analytical ability.
. Secondly, managers organize. They must decide how the
resources of the company are to be used, how the work is to
be classified and divided. Furthermore, they must select
people for the jobs to be done. For this, they not only need
analytical ability but also understanding of human beings.
. The third task is to motivate and communicate effectively.
They must be able to get people to work as a team, and to be
as productive as possible.
To do this, they will be communicating effectively with all levels
of the
organization – their superiors, colleagues and subordinates. To succeed
in this task, managers need social skills. The fourth activity is
measurement. Having set standards, managers have to measure the
performance of the organization and of its staff in relation to those
standards. Measuring requires analytical ability. Finally, managers
develop people more productive and to grow as human beings. They make
them bigger and richer persons.
VI. In carrying out management functions, such as planning,
organising, motivating and controlling, a manager will be continually
making decisions. Decision-making is a key of management responsibility
and career.
Some decisions are of the routine kind. They are decisions which
are made quickly. Because a manager is experienced, he knows what to do
in certain situations. He does not have to think too much before taking
action.
Other decisions are often intuitive ones. They are not really
rational. The manager may have a gut feeling that a certain course of
action is the right one.
Many decisions are more difficult to make since they involve
problem-solving. Very often they are strategic decisions which will
affect the future direction of the enterprise. To make good decisions the
manager should be able to select rationally a course of action. In
practice, decisions are usually made in circumstances which are not
ideal. They must be made quickly, with insufficient information. It is
probably rare that a manager can make an entirely rational decision.
When a complex problem arises, the manager has to collect facts
and weigh up courses of action. He must be systematic in dealing with the
problem. A useful approach to this sort of decision-making is as follows:
the process consists of four phases:
a) Defining the problem;
b) Analyzing and collecting information;
c) Working out options;
d) Deciding on the best solution.
As a first step, the manager must identify and define the problem.
And it is important that he does not mistake the symptoms of a problem
for the real problem he must solve. At this early stage the manager must
also take into account the rules and principles of the company which may
affect the final decision. These factors will limit the solution of the
problem.
The second step is to analyze the problem and decide what
additional information is necessary before a decision can be taken.
Getting the facts is essential in decision-making. However, as already
mentioned, the manager will rarely have all the knowledge he needs. This
is one reason why making decisions involves a degree of risk. It is the
manager’s job to minimize that risk.
Once the problem has been defined and the facts collected, the
manager should consider the options for solving it. This is necessary
because there are usually several ways of solving a problem. The
enterprise might be modernized or service might be improved, for example.
Before making a decision, the manager will carefully access the
options, considering the advantages and disadvantages of each one. Having
done this, he will have to take a decision. Perhaps he will compromise
using more than the option.
VII. Communications in excellent companies are different from those
in other companies. Excellent companies have “open communications”.
People working in them keep in contact with each other regularly. The
companies do everything possible to ensure that staff meets easily and
frequently.
One problem with communication is that we do not, in fact,
communicative as effectively as we think we do. This is important for
managers. It suggests that, when giving instructions, managers must make
sure that those instructions have been understood and interpreted
correctly.
A breakdown in communications is to happen if there are some
kinds of social distance between people. In organizations people may have
difficulty communicating if they are different in status, or if one
person has a much higher position than the other. It is risky to tell the
truth to someone higher up in the hierarchy – they may not like what they
hear and hold it against you. For this reason staffs often “filter”
information.

One way of reducing social distance – and improving communications
– is to cut down on status symbols. It is possible, for example, to have
a common dining-room for all staff.
Physical surroundings and physical distance limit or encourage
communication. The physical layout of an office must be carefully
planned.
Another important barrier to communication is selective
perception. This means that people perceive things in different ways. The
world of the sender is not the same as the world of the receiver. A
manager will say something but the employee will interpret his meaning
incorrectly.
Communication problems will arise, from time to time, in the best-
run companies. However, to minimize such problems, managers must remember
one thing. Communication should be a two-way process. Managers should
encourage staff to ask questions and to react to what the managers are
saying. The most useful question a manager can ask is “Did you understand
that?”
VIII. In the lodging industry it is important that managers should
be effective. They must be able to achieve their objectives. The problem
is that there are so many pressures on managers, reducing their
efficiency. The managers find that they do not have enough time to devote
to the really important jobs. They find that other people take up a lot
of their time, so that they have little time of their own.
Effective managers learn how to manage their time. They cut out
unproductive activities. They never forget that time cannot be replaced.
Before being able to control his time, the manager must find out
how he is actually using it. He must know where it goes. The best way to
do this is to record how he uses time. One way of logging time is to note
down all the activities and indicate how long they took. The manager can
ask questions such as: Are some of the things I am doing wasting time?
Should I be spending more time on certain activities? Knowing how to
spend time is an essential skill of a manager.
IX. People entering the lodging industry frequently wonders whether
it is better to begin their careers in a small or large hotel. What
branch of hotel operation is the best to start in after graduation? Where
you start is probably less important than how well you work and whether
you make the most of opportunities. It is important to learn something
about all phases of hotel operation. You may prefer to work first in
those departments you know least about. Then with some exposure to all
areas, you can begin to focus on your areas of interest.
X. We must not forget that the successful managers are necessarily
people who set high standards. Good managers need not be geniuses, but
must bring “character” to the job. They are people of integrity, who will
look for that quality in others.
Questions:
1) Is the lodging industry the most important element of the social
sphere?
2) Must the manager bring “character” to the job?
3) Why is the hotel distinguished by the additional service among
other hotels?
4) What main methods of the management can we number in the lodging
industry?
5) Is the administrative method based on the directive instructions or
is the economic one?
6) What kind of operations do managers perform in the hospitality
business?
7) How must the manager use his time?
8) Why do the communication play the main role in the manager’s
career?
9) Is the decision-making the key of the manager’s career?
10) How can one start his manager’s career?







Реферат на тему: "Education" (Образование в англоязычных странах)

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЙ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

ВОЛГОГРАДСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ
УНИВЕРСИТЕТ

КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ



ПО АНГЛИЙСКОМУ ЯЗЫКУ НА ТЕМУ:

“Education”



Выполнила:

Студентка

Зизе Н. В.
Группы Э – 155.



Проверил:

Карасик А.В.



г. Волгоград 2001 год.


PLAN:

1. Pro-primary and Primary Education…………………..3

2.Oxbridge……………………………………………………………4

3.Translation:
а. Дошкольное и начальное образование…………………………..6
b. Оxbridge………………………………………………………...…7

4. DICTIONARY……………………………………..……………9



Pro-primary and Primary Education.

In some areas of England there are nursery schools for children under 5
years of age. Some children between two and five receive education in
nursery classes or in infants classes in primary schools. Many children
attend informal pre-school play-groups organised by parents in private
homes. Nursery schools are staffed with teachers and students in training.
There are all kinds of toys to keep the children busy from 9 o'clock in the
morning till 4 o'clock in the afternoon while their parents are at work.
Here the babies play, lunch and sleep. They can run about and play in
safety with someone keeping an eye on them.
For day nurseries which remain open all the year round the parents pay
according to their income. The local education authority's nurseries are
free. But only about three children in 100 can go to them: . there aren't
enough places, and the waiting lists are rather long.
Most children start school at 5 in a primary school. A primary school
may be divided into two parts—infants and juniors. At infants school
reading, writing and arithmetic are taught for about 20 minutes a day
during the first year, gradually increasing to about 2 hours in their last
year. There is usually no written timetable. Much time is spent in
modelling from clay or drawing, reading or singing.
By the time children are ready for the junior school they will be able
to read and write, do simple addition and subtraction of numbers.
At 7 children go on from the infants school to the junior school. This
marks the transition from play to "real work". The children have set
periods of arithmetic, reading and composition which are all Eleven Plus
subjects. History, Geography, Nature Study, Art and Music, Physical
Education, Swimming are also on the timetable.
Pupils were streamed according to their abilities to learn into A, B, С
and D streams. The least gifted are in the D stream. Formally towards the
end of their fourth year the pupils wrote their Eleven Plus Examination.
The hated 11 + examination was a selective procedure on which not only the
pupils' future schooling but their future careers depended. The abolition
of selection at Eleven Plus Examination brought to life comprehensive
schools where pupils can get secondary education.



Oxbridge

Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and most prestigious universities in
Great Britain. They are often called collectively Oxbridge to denote an
elitarian education. Both universities are independent. Only very rich and
aristocratic families can afford to send their sons and daughters to these
universities. Mostly they are former public schools leavers.
The tutorial is the basic mode of instruction at Oxford and Cambridge,
with lectures as optional extras.
The normal length of the degree course is three years, after which the
students take the Degree of Bachelor of Arts (B. A.). Some courses, such as
languages or medicine, may be one or two years longer. The students may
work for other degrees as well. The degrees are awarded at public degree
ceremonies. Oxford and Cambridge cling to their traditions, such as the use
of Latin at degree ceremonies. Full academic dress is worn at examinations.
Oxford and Cambridge universities consist of a number of colleges. Each
college is different, but in many ways they are alike. Each college has its
name, its coat of arms. Each college is governed by a Master, The larger
ones have more than 400 members, the smallest colleges have less than 30.
Each college offers teaching in a wide range of subjects. Within the
college one will normally find a chapel, a dining hall, a library, rooms
for undergraduates, fellows and the Master, and also rooms for teaching
purposes.
Oxford is one of the oldest universities in Europe. It is the second
largest in Britain, after London. The town of Oxford is first mentioned in
the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 911
A. D. and it was popular with the early English kings (Richard Coeur de
Lion was probably here). The university's earliest charter is dated back to
1213.
There are now twenty-four colleges for men, five for women and another
five which have both men and women members, many from overseas studying for
higher degrees. Among the oldest colleges are University College, All Souls
and Christ Church.
The local car industry in East Oxford gives an important addition to the
city's outlook. There is a great deal of bicycle traffic both in Oxford and
Cambridge.
The Cambridge University started during the 13th century and grew until
today. Now there are more than thirty colleges.
On the river bank of the Cam willow trees weep their branches into the
water. The colleges line the right bank. There are beautiful college
gardens with green lawns and lines of tall trees. The oldest college is
Peterhouse, which was founded in 1284, and the most recent is Robinson
College, which was opened in 1977. The most famous is probably King's
College because of its magnificent chapel, the largest and the most
beautiful building in Cambridge and the most perfect example left of
English fifteenth-century architecture. Its choir of boys and
undergraduates is also very well known.
The University was only for men until 1871, when the first women's
college was opened. In the 1970s, most colleges opened their doors to both
men and women. Almost all colleges are now mixed.
Many great men studied at Cambridge, among them Desiderius Erasmus, the
great Dutch scholar, Roger Bacon, the philosopher, Milton, the poet, Oliver
Cromwell, the soldier, Newton, the scientist, and Kapitza, the famous
Russian physicist.
The universities have over a hundred societies and clubs, enough for
every interest one could imagine. Sport is part of students' life at
Oxbridge. The most popular sports are rowing and punting.



Дошкольное и Начальное Образование.

В некоторых областях Англии имеются детские сады для детей в возрасте
около 5. Некоторые дети между двумя и пятью годами получают образование в
дошкольных учреждениях или в классах первой ступени начальных школ. Много
детей посещают неофициальные дошкольные игровые группы, организованные
родителями в частных домах. Детские сады укомплектованы преподавателями и
студентами для обучения детей. Имеются все виды игрушек, чтобы занять детей
с 9 часов утром до 4 часов днем, в то время как их родители - на работе.
Здесь младенцы играют, завтракают и спят. Они могут бегать и играть в
безопасности под чьим – либо присмотром.
Родители платят за ясли, которые остаются открытыми круглый год
ежедневно из ходя из их личного дохода. Дошкольные учреждения, находящиеся
в ведении местных органов образования бесплатны. Но только приблизительно
трое детей из 100 могут посещать их, так как число мест ограниченно, а
списки ожидающих довольно длинны.
Большинство детей начинают обучение в 5 лет, посещая начальную школу.
Начальная школа может быть разделена на две части-младенцев и юниоров. В
яслях чтение, письмо и арифметика преподается приблизительно 20 минут в
день в течение первого года, постепенно увеличивая приблизительно до 2
часов в их последний год обучения. Обычно нет никакого постоянного
(письменного) расписания. Много времени уделяется лепки из глины или
рисованию, чтению или пению.
К тому времени как дети будут готовы к начальной школе, они будут
способны читать и писать, выполнять простейшее сложение и вычитание.
В 7 лет дети продолжают учёбу, переходя из детских садов в младшую
школу. Это отмечает переход от игры до " реальная работа ". Детям
устанавливают фиксированные в расписании уроки арифметики, чтения и
сочинения, которые являются обязательными для детей в возрасте 11 с
половиной лет. История, География, Природоведение, Искусство и Музыка,
Физкультура, Плавание - также включаются в расписание.
Ученики распределялись по патокам согласно их способностям учиться в A,
B, С и D потоки. Наименее способные ученики находились в D потоке.
Формально к концу четвертого года обучения ученики писали отборочные
экзамены в 11 с половиной лет. Ненавистные отборочные экзамены были
отборочной процедурой, от которой зависело не только будущее обучение
учеников, но и их будущая карьера. Отмена отборочных экзаменов, воплотила
в жизнь единую среднюю школу, где ученики могут получить среднее
образование.



Oxbridge


Оксфорд и Кембридж – самые старые и наиболее престижные университеты в
Великобритании. Они часто называются все вместе Oxbridge, чтобы обозначить
элитное образование. Оба университета независимы. Только очень богатые и
аристократические семейства могут позволять себе посылать своих сыновей и
дочерей в эти университеты. Главным образом они – прежние общественные
школы leavers.
Консультации – основной способ обучения в Оксфорде и Кембридже, с
дополнительными, необязательными лекциями.
Нормальная длина курса степени – три года после который студенты берут
Степень Бакалавра Искусств (B. A.). Некоторые курсы, такие как языковые или
медицинские, могут быть длиннее на один или два года. Так же Студенты могут
работать и над другими степенями. Степени предоставляются на общественных
церемониях вручения учёных степеней, Оксфорд и Кембридж цепляются за их
традиции, таких как использования Латинского на церемонии вручения
степеней. Парадная форма одежды надевается на экзамены.
Оксфорд и университеты Кембриджа состоят из некоторого числа колледжей.
Каждый колледж различен, но во многом они схожи. Каждый колледж имеет своё
название, свой герб. Каждый колледж управляется Мастером. Большие колледжи
имеют больше чем 400 членов, самые маленькие колледжи имеют меньше 30.
Каждый колледж предлагает обучение в широком диапазоне предметов. В
пределах колледжа каждый будет обычно находить часовню, обеденный зал,
библиотеку, комнаты для студентов университета, младших научных сотрудников
и Мастера, и также комнаты для обучительных целей.
Оксфорд – один из самых старых университетов в Европе. Это второй по
величине город в Британии, после Лондона. Город Оксфорд сначала упомянут в
Англо – Саксонском Кроникле в 911 г. нашей эры и он был популярен среди
ранних Английских королей (Ричард Львиное Сердце вероятно был здесь).
Самый ранний устав университета датирован 1213 г.
Сейчас имеются двадцать четыре колледжей для мужчин, пять для женщин и
ещё пять совместных для мужчин и женщин, много людей из заграницы которые
учатся для получения более высоких степеней. Среди самых старых колледжей –
Университи-Колледж, Олл-Соулз и Крайст-Черч.
Местная автомобильная промышленность на востоке Оксфорда дает важное
дополнение перспективе города. И в Оксфорде и в Кембридже довольно много
велосипедистов.
Университет Кембриджа начал свою работу в 13-ом столетия и рос до
сегодняшнего дня. Сейчас здесь имеются больше тридцати колледжей.
На берегу реки Кэм плакучии ивы раскидывают свои ветви в воду. Колледжи
окаймляют правый берег реки. Там находятся красивые сады колледжа с
зелеными лужайками и посадкой высоких деревьев. Самый старый колледж –
Peterhouse, который был основан в 1284, и самый современный – Robinson
Колледж, который был открыт в 1977. Вероятно наиболее известный Королевский
колледж из-за его великолепной часовни, самое большое и наиболее красивое
здание в Кембридже и наиболее идеальный пример Английской пятнадцати –
вековой архитектуры. Его хор мальчиков и студентов университета также очень
известен.
Университет был только для мужчин до 1871г., когда был открыт первый
женский колледж. В 1970-ых годах, большинство колледжей открыло их двери и
для мужчин и для женщинам. Теперь почти все колледжи смешаны.
Много великих людей учились в Кембридже, среди них Дезидерий Эразм
Роттердамский, большой голландский ученый, Роджер Бакон, философ, Милтон,
поэт, Оливер Кромвель, солдат, Ньютон, ученый, и Kapitza, известный
российский физик.
Университеты имеют более сотни обществ и клубов, в которых можно найти
всё, что только можно себе представить. Спорт – часть жизни студентов в
Oxbridge. Наиболее популярные спортивные состязания гребля и футбол.



DICTIONARY :


For Pre-primary and Primary Education

|Nursery school |Дошкольное учреждение; старшая |
| |группа детского сада |
|Primary school |Общая начальная школа |
|Informal |Неофициальный |
| Local education authority's |Дошкольное учреждение, |
|nursery |находящиеся в ведении местных |
| |органов образования |
|Infants classes |Классы первой ступени начальной |
| |школы |
|Gradually |Постепенно |
|Increasing |Увеличение |
|Timetable |Расписание |
|junior school |Начальная школа |
|Subtraction |Вычитание |
|Addition |Сложение |
|Set periods |Фиксированные в расписании уроки|
|Composition |Сочинение |
|to stream |Распределять по патокам |
|Gifted |Одарённый |
|. Eleven plus examination |Отборочные экзамены в 11 с |
| |половиной лет |
|Comprehensive school |Единая средняя школа |



For Oxbridge



|Prestigious |Престижный |
|Collectively |Все вместе |
|Elitarian |элитный |
|Former |Прежний |
|Leavers | |
|Tutorial |консультации, практические |
| |занятия с наставником |
|Optional | |
|Extras |Отдельно оплачиваемые предметы |
|As well |Также |
|To award |Предоставлznm |
|degree ceremony |церемония вручения ученых |
| |степеней, званий |
|Consist |Состоять |
|full academic |Парадная форма одежды |
|Alike |Подобно |
|Range |Диапазон |
|coat of arms |Герб |
|Normally |Обычно |
|Chapel |Часовня |
|Mention |Упоминание |
|Undergraduate |студент университета (обыкн. |
| |Оксфордского или Кембриджского) |
|Fellow |младший научный работник колледжа|
| |или университета |
|Master |Мастер |
|Charter |Чартер |
|Anglo-Saxon Chronicle |]—«Англосаксонский Кроникл» |
| |(вестник) |
|A.D |нашей эры |
|Charter |хартия, грамота; устав |
|Both |Оба |
|Degree |Степень |
|University College |Юниверсити-Колледж |
|All Souls |Олл-Соулз, Колледж Всех Душ |
|Christ Church |Крайст-Черч |
|Local |Местный |
|Industry |Промышленность |
|Outlook |Перспектива |
|the Cam |р. Кэм |
|Willow |Ива |
|Branch |Ветвь |
|Line |Окаймлять, посадка |
|Recent |Недавний |
|Because of |Из-за |
|Scientist |Ученый |
|Soldier |Солдат |
|Famous |Известный |
|Physicist |Физик |
|Society |Общество |
|Club |Клуб |
|Rowing |Гребля |
|Punting |Футбол |






Новинки рефератов ::

Реферат: Особенности направления деятельности КПРФ в Новосибирске (Политология)


Реферат: Статус депутатов местных Советов и формы их работы (Муниципальное право)


Реферат: Пособия по временной нетрудоспособности (Социология)


Реферат: АвтоЛИСП - реализация языка программирования (Компьютеры)


Реферат: Предпереводческий анализ лигвокультурной специфики немецких рекламных текстов (Иностранные языки)


Реферат: Расчет технологии работы на токарном станке (Технология)


Реферат: Билеты с ответами за 2003 год (зима) (Транспорт)


Реферат: Магний (Химия)


Реферат: GREAT BRITAIN, Science (Иностранные языки)


Реферат: Easter (Пасха) (Иностранные языки)


Реферат: Анализ Югославской модели социализма (История)


Реферат: Творческий подход к организации досуга молодежи (Социология)


Реферат: Двигатели постоянного тока (Физика)


Реферат: Облава (История)


Реферат: Взаимодействие общества и природы (Биология)


Реферат: Законодательный процесс в Российской Федерации (Право)


Реферат: Рынок еврооблигаций (Деньги и кредит)


Реферат: Инвестиции в сельское хозяйство: методы и перспективы (Сельское хозяйство)


Реферат: Контрольная по социологии (Социология)


Реферат: Педагогическая диагностика, методы изучения учащихся (Педагогика)



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